Toxicological profiles - Chlorine Dioxide And Chlorite

DRAFT TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR CHLORINE DIOXIDE AND CHLORITE......Page 1
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 6
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 8
PEER REVIEW......Page 9
CONTENTS......Page 10
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 14
LIST OF TABLES......Page 15
1.1 WHAT ARE CHLORINE DIOXIDE AND CHLORITE?......Page 16
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO CHLORINE DIOXIDE AND CHLORITE WHEN THEY ENTER THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 17
1.5 HOW CAN CHLORINE DIOXIDE AND CHLORITE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 18
1.6 HOW CAN CHLORINE DIOXIDE AND CHLORITE AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 19
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 20
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 21
2.2 SUMMARY OF HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 24
2.3 MINIMAL RISK LEVELS (MRLs)......Page 26
3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 29
3.2.1.1 Death......Page 31
3.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 32
3.2.1.7 Cancer......Page 38
3.2.2.1 Death......Page 39
3.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 40
3.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 50
3.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 51
3.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 52
3.2.2.7 Cancer......Page 59
3.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 60
3.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 61
3.3 GENOTOXICITY......Page 62
3.4 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 63
3.4.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 64
3.4.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 65
3.4.3.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 66
3.4.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 67
3.5.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 69
3.5.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 71
3.6 TOXICITIES MEDIATED THROUGH THE NEUROENDOCRINE AXIS......Page 72
3.7 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 73
3.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 75
3.8.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite......Page 76
3.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 77
3.11.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 78
3.12.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite......Page 79
3.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 81
3.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 86
4.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 87
5.1 PRODUCTION......Page 90
5.3 USE......Page 92
5.4 DISPOSAL......Page 95
6.2.1 Air......Page 96
6.2.3 Soil......Page 100
6.3.2 Transformation and Degradation......Page 102
6.3.2.2 Water......Page 103
6.3.2.4 Other Media......Page 106
6.4.2 Water......Page 107
6.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 108
6.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 110
6.8 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 111
6.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 112
6.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 113
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 114
7.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 119
7.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 120
8. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 122
9. REFERENCES......Page 127
Ceiling Value......Page 144
Intermediate Exposure......Page 145
Mutagen......Page 146
Prevalence......Page 147
Risk Ratio......Page 148
Xenobiotic......Page 149
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL AND WORKSHEETS......Page 150
USER'S GUIDE......Page 158
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 164