Toxicological profiles - Cadmium

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR CADMIUM......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 13
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 9
PEER REVIEW......Page 11
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 17
LIST OF TABLES......Page 19
1.1 WHAT IS CADMIUM?......Page 21
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO CADMIUM WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 22
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO CADMIUM?......Page 23
1.4 HOW CAN CADMIUM ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 24
1.5 HOW CAN CADMIUM AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 25
1.6 HOW CAN CADMIUM AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 27
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO CADMIUM?......Page 28
1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO CADMIUM?......Page 31
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 32
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 33
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 35
2.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 37
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 38
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 41
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 78
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 79
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 80
2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 83
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 84
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 89
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 124
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 135
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 136
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 139
2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 141
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 142
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 145
2.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 146
2.3 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 148
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 150
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 151
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 154
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 156
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 157
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 159
2.3.4 Elimination and Excretion......Page 162
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 163
2.3.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 164
2.3.5.3 Discussion of Cadmium Models......Page 166
2.4.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 179
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 184
2.4.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 187
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 188
Minimal Risk Levels for Cadmium.......Page 189
Systemic Effects.......Page 191
2.6 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 212
2.7 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 222
2.7.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Cadmium......Page 223
2.7.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Cadmium......Page 225
2.8 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER SUBSTANCES......Page 228
2.9 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 230
2.10 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 231
2.10.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 233
2.10.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 234
2.10.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 236
2.11.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Cadmium......Page 238
2.11.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 240
2.11.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 247
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 254
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 258
4.3 USE......Page 264
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 265
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 267
5.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 268
5.2.1 Air......Page 273
5.2.2 Water......Page 274
5.2.3 Soil......Page 275
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 276
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 281
5.4.1 Air......Page 282
5.4.2 Water......Page 283
5.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 284
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 285
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 291
5.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 294
5.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 297
5.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 298
5.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 302
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 308
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 310
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 317
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 318
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 319
8. REFERENCES......Page 348
Case Report......Page 422
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)......Page 423
Modifying Factor (MF)......Page 424
Physiologically Based Pharmacodynamic (PBPD)......Page 425
Risk......Page 426
Xenobiotic......Page 427
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS......Page 429
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEET......Page 431
USER'S GUIDE......Page 435
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 443