Toxicological profiles - Americium

DRAFT TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR AMERICIUM......Page 1
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 6
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 9
PEER REVIEW......Page 10
CONTENTS......Page 11
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 15
LIST OF TABLES......Page 16
1.1 WHAT IS AMERICIUM?......Page 17
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO AMERICIUM WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 20
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO AMERICIUM?......Page 21
1.5 HOW CAN AMERICIUM AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 22
1.6 HOW CAN AMERICIUM AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 23
1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN......Page 24
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO......Page 25
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 26
2.1 BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO AMERICIUM IN THE......Page 27
2.2 SUMMARY OF HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 28
2.3 MINIMAL RISK LEVELS......Page 30
3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 31
3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 33
3.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 34
3.2.1.7 Cancer......Page 38
3.2.3.1 Death......Page 39
3.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 40
3.2.4 External Exposure......Page 41
3.2.5.2 Systemic Effects......Page 42
3.2.5.4 Neurological Effects......Page 43
3.2.5.7 Cancer......Page 44
3.3 GENOTOXICITY......Page 45
3.4.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 46
3.4.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 54
3.4.2 Distribution......Page 60
3.4.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 61
3.4.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 66
3.4.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 67
3.4.4 Elimination and Excretion......Page 68
3.4.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 69
3.4.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 70
3.4.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 71
3.4.4.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 72
3.4.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 73
3.5.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 104
3.5.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 107
3.6 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION......Page 108
3.7 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 109
3.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 112
3.8.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Americium......Page 113
3.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 114
3.11.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 115
3.11.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 116
3.12.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Americium......Page 117
3.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 118
3.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 125
4.2 PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND RADIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES......Page 126
5.1 PRODUCTION......Page 133
5.3 USE......Page 134
5.4 DISPOSAL......Page 135
6.1 OVERVIEW......Page 138
6.2.1 Air......Page 142
6.2.2 Water......Page 144
6.2.3 Soil......Page 145
6.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 147
6.4.1 Air......Page 167
6.4.2 Water......Page 169
6.4.3 Soil......Page 171
6.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 174
6.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 186
6.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 192
6.8 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 193
6.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 194
7.1.1Internal Americium Measurements......Page 198
7.1.2 External Radiation Measurements......Page 204
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 205
7.2.1 Field Measurements of Americium......Page 206
7.2.2 Laboratory Analysis of Environmental Samples......Page 207
7.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 215
7.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 216
8. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 217
9. REFERENCES......Page 225
Acute Exposure, Chemical......Page 268
Attenuation......Page 269
Buildup Factor......Page 270
Contamination......Page 271
Decay Chain or Decay Series......Page 272
Dose Assessment —......Page 273
Embryotoxicity and Fetotoxicity......Page 274
Secular Equilibrium —......Page 275
Genetic Effect of Radiation......Page 276
Ion......Page 277
Labeled Compound......Page 278
Mass Numbers ( A)......Page 279
Pair Production......Page 280
Progeny......Page 281
Radioactive Material......Page 282
Reportable Quantity ( RQ)......Page 283
Standard Mortality Ratio ( SMR)......Page 284
Unattached Fraction......Page 285
Zero- Threshold Linear Hypothesis......Page 286
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL AND WORKSHEETS......Page 287
USER'S GUIDE......Page 289
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 296
OVERVIEW OF BASIC RADIATION PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY......Page 301
REFERENCES FOR APPENDIX D......Page 313