Publisher: U.S. Public Health Service
Year: 0
Language: English
Pages: 193
TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR 3,3'-DICHLOROBENZIDINE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 14
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 10
PEER REVIEW......Page 12
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 18
LIST OF TABLES......Page 20
1.1 WHAT IS 3,3'-DICHLOROBENZIDINE?......Page 22
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO 3,3'-DICHLOROBENZIDINE?......Page 23
1.5 HOW CAN 3,3'-DICHLOROBENZIDINE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 24
1.6 HOW CAN 3,3'-DICHLOROBENZIDINE AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 26
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO 3,3'-DICHLOROBENZIDINE?......Page 27
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 28
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 30
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 32
2.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 33
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 34
2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 35
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 36
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 38
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 45
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 46
2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 47
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 48
2.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 50
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 51
2.2.3.8 Cancer......Page 54
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 56
2.3.2 Distribution......Page 57
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 58
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 59
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 61
2.3.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 62
2.4.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 66
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 67
2.4.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 68
Overview.......Page 69
Minimal Risk Levels for 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine.......Page 70
2.6 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 83
2.7 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 86
2.7.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine......Page 87
2.8 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 88
2.10.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 89
2.11 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 90
2.11.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine......Page 91
2.11.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 93
Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect.......Page 96
2.11.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 99
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 101
4.2 IMPORT/EXPORT......Page 105
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 108
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 110
5.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 112
5.2.1 Air......Page 114
5.2.3 Soil......Page 116
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 117
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 120
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 121
5.4.1 Air......Page 123
5.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 124
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 125
5.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 126
5.8 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 128
5.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 129
5.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 132
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 133
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 137
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 141
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 142
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 143
8. REFERENCES......Page 151
Case-Control Study......Page 167
Genotoxicity......Page 168
Malformations......Page 169
Pharmacokinetics......Page 170
Reference Dose (RfD)......Page 171
Time-Weighted Average (TWA)......Page 172
Xenobiotic......Page 173
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS......Page 174
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEET......Page 176
USER'S GUIDE......Page 178
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 188
