Toxicological profiles - 2-butoxyethanol and 2-butoxyethanol acetate

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR 2-BUTOXYETHANOL AND 2-BUTOXYETHANOL ACETATE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 11
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 7
PEER REVIEW......Page 9
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 15
LIST OF TABLES......Page 17
1.1 WHAT ARE 2-BUTOXYETHANOL AND 2-BUTOXYETHANOL ACETATE?......Page 19
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO 2-BUTOXYETHANOL OR 2-BUTOXYETHANOL ACETATE WHEN THEY ENTER THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 21
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO 2-BUTOXYETHANOL OR 2-BUTOXY-ETHANOL ACETATE?......Page 22
1.4 HOW CAN 2-BUTOXYETHANOL AND 2-BUTOXYETHANOL ACETATE ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 23
1.5 HOW CAN 2-BUTOXYETHANOL OR 2-BUTOXYETHANOL ACETATE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 24
1.7 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 27
1.8 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 28
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 31
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 33
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 57
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 71
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 72
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 73
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 74
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 75
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 78
2.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 135
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 138
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 140
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 142
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 143
2.2.3.1 Death......Page 144
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 146
2.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 168
2.2.3.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 170
2.2.3.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 171
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 172
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 175
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 176
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 182
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 183
2.3.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 184
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 185
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 196
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 200
2.3.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 202
2.3.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 204
2.3.5.1 Summary of PBPK Models......Page 206
2.3.5.3 Discussion of Models......Page 208
2.4.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 229
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 230
2.4.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 236
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 237
2.6 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 278
2.6.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to 2-Butoxyethanol......Page 279
2.6.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by 2-Butoxyethanol......Page 280
2.7 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 281
2.8 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 282
2.9 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 283
2.9.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 284
2.10 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 285
2.10.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of 2-Butoxyethanol......Page 286
2.10.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 290
2.10.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 305
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 308
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 315
4.3 USE......Page 316
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 318
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 319
5.2.1 Air......Page 324
5.2.2 Water......Page 325
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 326
5.3.2.1 Air......Page 328
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 329
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 330
5.4.2 Water......Page 331
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 332
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 333
5.7 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 344
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 345
5.7.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 350
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 351
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 355
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 357
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 358
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 359
8. REFERENCES......Page 366
Intermediate Exposure......Page 388
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)......Page 389
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 390
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL......Page 392
USER'S GUIDE......Page 410
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 418