Toxicological profiles - 1,1-dichloroethane

TOXlCOLOGICAL PROFILEFOR 1,1-DICHLOROETHANE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 5
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
FOREWORD......Page 3
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 8
LIST OF TABLES......Page 9
1.2 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO 1,1-DICHLOROETHANE?......Page 10
1.3 HOW CAN 1,1-DICHLOROETHANE ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 11
1.7 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 12
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 18
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 19
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 20
2.2.1.5 Developmental Effects......Page 24
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 25
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 29
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 30
2.3.1 Absorption......Page 31
2.3.1.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 32
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 33
2.3.4 Excretion......Page 38
2.4 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 39
2.5 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 44
2.7 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 45
2.8.1 Existing Information on the Health Effects of 1,1-Dichloroethane......Page 46
2.8.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 47
2.8.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 50
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 51
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 54
5.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 55
5.2.1 Air......Page 56
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 57
5.3.2.3 Soil......Page 59
5.4.2 Water......Page 60
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 61
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 63
6.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 65
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 71
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 73
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 74
8. REFERENCES......Page 76
Ceiling Value......Page 92
Malformations......Page 93
Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL)......Page 94
User s Guide......Page 95
Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols......Page 101
Peer Review......Page 104