The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the face of international and domestic tourism and sharply focused attention on the importance of tourist health, safety and wellbeing like never before. This book offers a unique perspective on the challenges facing the world’s largest service industry to protect and care for customers in a rapidly evolving environment where borders have closed, social distancing rules apply and personal hygiene has become a key focus in everyday life.
Yet tourism is a very resilient industry and history shows there is always an immediate surge toward recovery after a crisis has passed. Humans want to travel and see the world. While we appreciate that the pandemic is far from over, already there are reports of pent-up demand for travel as restrictions ease at some destinations and borders begin to open. As we move hopefully toward the recovery phase and people begin to move around for business and pleasure, this book presents the reader with key information and insights in both traditional and emerging areas of tourist health, safety and wellbeing, recognising that the world is now shaped by this pandemic, bringing change, potentially enduring benefits and lasting legacies.
Author(s): Jeff Wilks, Donna Pendergast, Peter A. Leggat, Damian Morgan
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 570
City: Cham
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Editors
Contributors
Abbreviations
Issues in Tourist Health, Safety and Wellbeing
Introduction
Issues During COVID-19
Demand Evolution
Health and Hygiene
Innovation and Digitisation
Sustainability
Opening Up International Travel
Risk Management and Prevention
The Human and Institutional Environment
Tourism and Related Sectors
Individual Travellers (Personal Risks)
Physical and Environmental Risks
Background to This Book
Overview of the Book
Visual Representation
References
Part I: Health
Travel Medicine and Tourist Health
Introduction
Morbidity and Mortality of Travellers
Defining Travel Medicine
International Developments in Travel Medicine and Tourist Health
Professional Initiatives
Postgraduate Education
Travel Medicine Practice
Travel Clinics
General Practice
Travel Industry
Other Sources of Health Advice
Barriers to Accessing Pre-travel Health Advice
Infectious Hazards of Travel
Vector-Borne Diseases
Malaria
Arboviral Diseases
Prevention of Infectious Diseases Through Vaccination
Non-infectious Hazards of Travel
Issues in Aviation Medicine
Travel Advisories
Travel Insurance
Conclusion
References
Pre- and Post-Travel Medical Consultations
Introduction
The Pre-travel Health Consultation
Promotion and Benefits of Travellers Having a Pre-travel Consultation
Elements of Medical History Needed for a Pre-travel Consultation
Business Travel—Duty of Care
Which Vaccines for This Traveller?
Routine Vaccines
Recommended Vaccines
Required Vaccines
Needle Phobia
Mindfulness and Immunisation
Vaccine Records and Safety
Health Education in a Pre-travel Setting
Malaria and Mosquito Diseases
Medical Kits
Post-Travel Health
Pre- and Post-travel Consultations in the New Normal
Pivot
Adapt
Recalibrate
References
Vulnerable Groups and Travel Health Considerations
Introduction
The Paediatric Traveller
COVID-19 in Children
Pre-Travel Paediatric Counselling
Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women
Epidemiological Evidence for Health Problems in Pregnant Travellers
Pregnancy and COVID-19
Travel Health Advice for Pregnant and Breastfeeding Travellers
Older Travellers
Epidemiological Evidence on Health Problems in Older Travellers
Travel Health Advice for Senior Travellers
Conclusions
Travellers With Pre-Existing Conditions
Cardiovascular Problems
Pulmonary Disease
Metabolic and Endocrinologic Disease
Renal and Urinary Tract Disorders
Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Dermatological Problems
Allergies
Other Pre-existing Health Problems
Physically Challenged Travellers
The Immunocompromised Traveller
Epidemiological Evidence for Health Problems in Immunocompromised Travellers
COVID-19 in the Immunocompromised
Patients Receiving Immunosuppressive Medications
Transplant Recipients
HIV-Infected Travellers
Asplenic and Hyposplenic Travellers
Travel in Those Who Have Recovered From COVID-19
References
Part II: Safety
Tourism Security in a Post-COVID-19 World: Issues of Tourism Policing and Civil Unrest
Introduction
COVID-19 and Tourism Security
Tourism Policing in an Age of COVID-19
Tourism Policing: Some Historical Aspects
Tourism Policing in a Post-COVID-19 World
Tourism Policing/Security Professionals and the Convention and Meetings Industry
TOPPs Agents Both Public and Private Around the World
Tourism Policing and Crime
Current Tourism Policing
The United States
Latin America and the Caribbean
Costa Rica
Jamaica
Mexico
Europe
Africa
Asia
The Future of Tourism Policing
References
Food Safety and Hygiene
Introduction
Food and Tourism
Food, Safety and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Food and Water Security—A Pillar for Tourism
Food Safety and Hygiene
Forms of Foodborne Diseases
Prevention of Foodborne Diseases
Managing Foodborne Diseases When Travelling
COVID-Normal and Food Safety and Hygiene
The Future for Tourist Food Safety and Hygiene
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
Conclusion
References
Travelling Safely in an Unsafe World–A Shared Responsibility
Introduction
Principles of Disaster Risk Management in Tourism
The Evolution of DRM and DRR
Disaster Impact of COVID-19
Community Study COVID-19
Impact of COVID-19 on Tourism and Focus of DRR on Tourist Safety
DRR Strategies for Tourism
Conclusion
References
Tourist Injury
Introduction
What Is an Injury?
Common Causes of Injury in Travellers
Road
Water
Alcohol and Drugs
Why Is Injury and Tourism Important?
Increase in Risk-Taking When Travelling
Considerations for Travel Post-COVID-19
Aim
Review of Literature and Theoretical Frameworks
Travel-Related Injury
Epidemiology
Exposure
Risk
Road
Drowning
Envenomation
Campfires and Burns Risk to Children
Selfies
Prevention
Road
Drowning
Envenomation
Burns
Poisoning
Children
Falls
Violence
Selfies
Conclusion
References
Part III: Wellbeing
Health Psychology, Positive Psychology, and the Tourist
Introduction
Theories of Tourist Motivation: Understanding Why People Travel
Self-determination Theory
Tourist Motivation and COVID-19: A Needs-Based Approach
Positive Psychology and Tourism: Supportive Characteristics of the Individual Tourist
Managing Uncertainty: Self-efficacy, Resilience, Hope, Optimism, and Gratitude
Resilience
Hope
Optimism
Gratitude
Moving Beyond Tourist Wellbeing: Encouraging COVID-Safe Travel Behaviours
Understanding Motivation to Perform COVID-Safe Behaviours
Campaign Strategies to Increase Covid-Safe Behaviours
Conclusion
References
Wellbeing and Quality of Life in Tourism
Introduction
Review of Literature and Theoretical Frameworks
QoL and Tourism from the Perspective of Destination Residents
QoL and Tourism from the Perspective of Tourists
QoL and Tourism from the Perspective of Industry Employees
QoL Perspective and Approaches
What to Glean from Previous Research
Conclusion
References
Domestic Nature-Based Tourism and Wellbeing: A Roadmap for the New Normal?
Introduction
Nature-Based Tourism and Tourist Wellbeing
The Nordic Countries and Japan: Case Studies in Tourism and Nature-Based Leisure Philosophy and Practice
The Nordic Countries, the Outdoors, and Friluftsliv
Japan and Forest Bathing
Nature-Based Tourism, Wellbeing and COVID-19: Lessons for the New Normal?
The Nordic Countries
Japan
The Role of Nature-Based Tourism During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Template for the New Normal?
Conclusion
References
Study and Tourism: Challenges for International Students in 2020
Introduction
Literature Review
International Students’ Experiences
International Student Wellbeing
International Students and Tourism
Impacts of the Pandemic and the Higher Education Student
Methodology
Research Findings
Issues Affecting International Students’ Wellbeing
International Students’ Expectations of Studying at a Queensland University
The Impact of COVID-19 on International Students at a Queensland University
Case Studies
Case Study 1: Rahima From Pakistan
Case Study 2: Priyanka From India
Conclusion
References
Generation Z, COVID-19 and Tourism
Introduction
Generations Impacted by COVID-19
Gen Z
Gen Z and Tourism
Systematic Quantitative Literature Review
Phase 1 Tourist OR Tourism AND Generation Z
Hedonism, Social Media and FOMO
Transformational Experiences
Having Fun
Social Responsibility
Safety and Security
Phase 2 Tourist OR Tourism AND Generation Z AND COVID OR Pandemic
Impact of COVID-19 on Gen Z
Conclusion
References
Part IV: Contexts
Understanding How Tourists Perceive and Respond to Risk: A Focus on Health Risk
Introduction
Understanding Tourists’ Perception of and Response to Risk
Tourists’ Perception of Risk
Factors That Influence Tourists’ Risk Perception
Trust
Control
Type of Risk
Scope and Frequency
Awareness and Imagination
Familiarity
Uncertainty
Personal Impact
Voluntary and Personality Traits
Other Determinants
The Role of Emotions in Tourists’ Risk Perception
Tourists’ Response to Risk: A Tourist-Destination Relationship Framework
Factors That Influence Tourists’ Health Risk Perception and Decision-Making
Tourists’ Health Risk Perception: An Australian Perspective
Study Context
Survey Method and Sampling
Results and Discussion
The Change of Tourists’ Risk Perception in the Post-COVID-19 Era: A Future Interdisciplinary Research Agenda
References
Safety Management in the Adventure Tourism Industry
Introduction
Specifying the Adventure Tourism Experience
Defining the Adventure Tourism Industry and Operating Environment
A Brief History of Adventure Travels and Some Negative Consequences
The Public Health Approach Towards Reducing the Potential for Harm
Industry Standards and Regulations
Safety Audits
The Post-Pandemic Future of Commercial Adventure Tourism
Conclusion
Finding Quality Through Embedded Safety
References
Managing Visitor Risk in National Parks
Introduction
Risk of Injury in National Parks
Managing Visitor Risks in Parks
Managing Park Visitor Safety in the New Normal
Conclusion
References
Safety in Coastal and Marine Tourism
Introduction
Responsibility for Safety
Beach Tourism and Safety
Drowning
Coastal and Island Resorts
Boating
Scuba Diving and Snorkelling
Jet Skis
Fishing
Evolution of Coastal and Marine Tourism
WHAT’S PAR for the Course?
Appendix: Best Practice Guidelines
Guidelines Relevant to All Aquatic Environments
References
Part V: Government and Industry Activity
Government Travel Advisories
Introduction
Development of a Collaborative Approach to Government Travel Advisories Between Foreign Ministries and Stakeholder Groups
Emphasis on the Travel Industry
Innovations in the Use and Presentation of Travel Advisories Pre-COVID-19
The Impact of COVID-19 on Travel Intentions of Australian Travellers
The Impact of COVID-19 on Travel Advisories and the Emergence of Pandemic-Related Travel Bans and Restrictions on Entry
Conclusion
References
Creating a Safer Journey: Exploring Emerging Innovations in the Aviation Sector
Introduction
Innovation and Safety in the Aviation Sector: Context and Evolution
The New Normal and Emerging Innovations: Technologies for a Safer Journey
Sanitising and Cleaning Technologies
New Anticontamination Material and Barriers
Touchless, Biometrics Technologies and Automated Passenger Processing
Real-Time Monitoring, Screening Detection, and Thermal Technologies
Apps and Devices for a Digital New Normal
Aggregating Value Towards a Safer Journey: Policies, Practices, and Innovations Integration
Conclusion
References
The Great Reset: Hospitality Redefined
Introduction
COVID-19 and Hospitality Services
Hospitality Offering
Safety, Cleanliness and Hygiene Protocols
Technology and Digital Innovation
Servicescape Design
Employees Management
Brand Communication and Marketing: Price, Promotion and Distribution
Conclusions and Implications: Hospitality Redefined
References
Cruise Ships and Passenger Health
Introduction
Global Cruise Ship Fleet
Regulation
Expectations of Cruise Ship Passengers
Cruise Ship Medicine
Common Health Problems on Cruise Ships
Gastrointestinal
Respiratory
Varicella
Dental
Deaths
Emergent Problems
COVID-19
Norovirus
Influenza
Legionnaires’ Disease
Hijacking/Terrorism
Injury
Pre-Travel Health Advice
Pregnancy
Post-travel Consultation
Conclusion
References
Safe Travel: The Legal Duty of Care to Keep Tourists Safe
Introduction
Overview of the Law
Airlines
Airline Liability
Passenger Liability
Case Studies on Airline Liability
Developing DVT During a Flight
Povey v Qantas Airways Limited [2005] HCA 33
Exposure to Cigarette Smoke
Qantas Airways Limited v Cameron [1996] FCA 349
Airlines: COVID-19 Health and Safety
Cruise Lines
Falling Panels
Smith v Carnival Plc Trading as P&O Cruises Australia [2018] NSWSC 782
A Loose Brick
Szczerbanik v Carnival PLC t/as Carnival Cruise Line [2019] NSWDC 197 & 198
Cruise Lines: COVID-19 Health and Safety
Special Commission of Inquiry into the Ruby Princess
Hotels, Resorts and Clubs
Altercation on the Dance Floor
Adeels Palace Pty Ltd v Moubarak [2009] HCA 48
A “Wallop” Punch
Tilden v Gregg [2015] NSWCA 164
Falling Down Stairs
Parker v City of Bankstown RSL Community Club Ltd [2015] NSWCA 246
Hotels, Resorts and Clubs—COVID-19 Health and Safety
Theme Parks and Tourist Experience Operators
Thunder River Rapids Tragedy—The Dreamworld Coroner’s Inquest
A Scarf Strangulation
Work Health Authority v Outback Ballooning Pty Ltd [2019] HCA 2
Theme Parks and Tourist Experience Operators—COVID-19 Health and Safety
Tour Operators and Recreational Activity Providers
A Chairlift Accident
Perisher Blue Pty Ltd v Nair-Smith [2015] NSWCA 90
A Dolphin-Watching Cruise
Lormine Pty Ltd & Anor v Xuereb [2006] NSWCA 200
White-Water Rafting
Samahar Miski v Penrith Whitewater Stadium Ltd [2018] NSWDC 21
A Coward’s Punch
Packer v Tall Ship Sailing Cruises Australia Pty Ltd [2015] QCA 108
Tour Operators and Recreational Activity Providers—COVID-19 Health and Safety
Local Authorities (Tourist Attractions)
Falling off a Jetty
Coffs Harbour City Council v Polglase [2020] NSWCA 265
Slippery Boat Ramp
Bowman v Nambucca Shire Council [2020] NSWSC 1121
Local Authorities (Tourist Attractions)—COVID-19 Health and Safety
Conclusion
References
