Toronto Notes 2023

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Acknowledgements
Student Contributors
Faculty Contributors
Table of Contents
How to Use Book
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Unit Conversions
Measured Laboratory Values
Ethical, Legal, and Organizational Medicine
Acronyms
History of the Canadian Healthcare System and Crown-Indigenous Relations Pursuant to Healthcare
Healthcare Expenditure and Delivery in Canada
Physician Licensure and Certification
Role of Professional Associations
Confidentiality
Consent and Capacity
Negligence
Truth-Telling
Ethical Issues in Health Care
End-of-Life Care
Physician Competence and Professional Conduct
Research Ethics
Resource Allocation
Clinical Informatics and Ethical Considerations
Overview of Digital Health Technologies
Movement Towards Reconciliation
Indigenous Health Coverage and Jurisdictions
References
Anesthesia
Acronyms
Preoperative Investigations
Hypertension
Fasting Guidelines
Monitoring
Methods of Supporting Airways
Difficult Airway
Ventilation
Intraoperative Management
Blood Pressure
IV Fluids
Induction
Muscle Relaxants and Reversing Agents
Maintenance
Regional Anesthesia
Peripheral Nerve Blocks
Systemic Toxicity
Local Infiltration and Hematoma Blocks
Pain Management
Neuropathic Pain
Paediatric Anesthesia
Uncommon Complications
Abnormal Pseudocholinesterase
Difficult Tracheal Intubation
Advanced Cardiac Life Support Guidelines
Landmark Anesthesiology Trials
References
Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery
Acronyms
Cardiac Anatomy
Differential Diagnoses of Common Presentations
Local Edema
Cardiac Diagnostic Tests
Alternative PQRSTU Approach to ECGs
Cardiac Biomarkers
Echocardiography
Stress Testing
Cardiac Catheterization and Angiography
Coronary Angiography
CARDIAC DISEASE
Bradyarrhythmias
Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias
Pre-Excitation Syndromes
Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias
Sudden Cardiac Arrest
Electrical Pacing
Ischemic Heart Disease
Chronic Stable Angina
Acute Coronary Syndromes
Treatment Algorithm for Acute Coronary Syndrome
Coronary Revascularization
Heart Failure
Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Myocarditis
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Left Ventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy
Ventricular Assist Devices
Valvular Heart Disease
Prosthetic Valve Management
Summary of Valvular Disease
Pericardial Disease
Pericardial Effusion
Cardiac Tamponade
Constrictive Pericarditis
Extracorporeal Circulation
Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Common Medications
Antiarrhythmics
Landmark Cardiac Trials
References
Clinical Pharmacology
Acronyms
Pharmacokinetics
Distribution
Elimination
Pharmacokinetic Considerations
Pharmacodynamics
Effects of Drugs on Receptors
Effectiveness and Safety
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Approach to Suspected Adverse Drug Reactions
Autonomic Pharmacology
Opioid Therapy and Chronic Non-Cancer Pain
Landmark Pharmacology Trials
Dermatology
Acronyms
Skin Anatomy
Skin Function
Patterns and Distribution
Common Skin Lesions
Hyperkeratotic Lesions
Keloids
Vascular Lesions
Lipoma
Acneiform Eruptions
Perioral Dermatitis
Dermatitis (Eczema)
Contact Dermatitis
Seborrheic Dermatitis
Papulosquamous Diseases
Vesiculobullous Diseases
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Urticarial
Pustular
Heritable Disorders
Neurofibromatosis (Type I; von Recklinghausen’s Disease)
Infections
Bacterial Infections: Dermis
Bacterial Infections: Epidermis and Dermis
Parasitic Infections
Viral Infections
Yeast Infections
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Pre-Malignant Skin Conditions
Malignant Skin Tumours
Malignant Melanoma
Other Cutaneous Cancers
Diseases of Hair Density
Scarring (Cicatricial) Alopecia
Nails and Disorders of the Nail Apparatus
Adnexal Disorders
Oral Diseases
Skin Manifestations of Systemic Disease
Paediatric Exanthems
Erythema Nodosum
Wounds and Ulcers
Dermatologic Therapies
Traumatic and Mechanical Disorders
Landmark Dermatology Trials
References
Emergency Medicine
Acronyms
2. Resuscitation
3. Secondary Survey
Ethical Considerations
Traumatology
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Chest Trauma
Abdominal Trauma
Genitourinary Tract Injuries
Orthopaedic Injuries
Wound Management
Approach to Common ED Presentations
Acute Pelvic Pain
Chest Pain
Headache
Joint and Back Pain
Seizures
Shortness of Breath
Sexual Assault
Medical Emergencies
Cardiac Dysrhythmias
Acute Exacerbation of COPD
Heart Failure
Diabetic Emergencies
Electrolyte Disturbances
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Sepsis
Otolaryngological Presentations and Emergencies
Epistaxis
Pregnant Patient in the ED
Nephrolithiasis (Renal Colic)
Dermatologic Emergencies
Environmental Injuries
Inhalation Injury
Near Drowning
Toxicology
D2 – Draw Bloods
D3 – Decontamination and Enhanced Elimination
E – Expose and Examine the Patient
Alcohol Related Emergencies
Disposition from the Emergency Department
Psychiatric Emergencies
Common Paediatric ED Presentations
Febrile Infant and Febrile Seizures
Abdominal Pain
Child Abuse and Neglect
Landmark Emergency Medicine Trials
References
Endocrinology
Acronyms
Dyslipidemias
Secondary Dyslipidemias
Treatment of Dyslipidemias
Disorders of Glucose Metabolism
Treatment of Diabetes
Acute Complications
Macrovascular Complications
Microvascular Complications
Other Complications
Metabolic Syndrome
Growth Hormone
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Antidiuretic Hormone
Thyroid
Tests of Thyroid Function and Structure
Thyrotoxicosis
Graves’ Disease
Subacute Thyroiditis (Thyrotoxic Phase)
Hypothyroidism
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Non-Thyroidal Illness (Sick Euthyroid Syndrome)
Thyroid Nodules
Adrenocortical Functional Workup
Cushing’s Syndrome
Hyperandrogenism
Adrenocortical Insufficiency
Adrenal Medulla
Disorders of Multiple Endocrine Glands
Calcium Homeostasis
Hypercalcemia
Hypocalcemia
Metabolic Bone Disease
Osteomalacia and Rickets
Renal Osteodystrophy
Paget’s Disease of Bone
Male Reproductive Endocrinology
Erectile Dysfunction
Female Reproductive Endocrinology
Paraneoplastic Syndrome
Common Medications
Thyroid Medications
Metabolic Bone Disease Medications
Adrenal Medications
Landmark Endocrinology Trials
References
Family Medicine
Acronyms
Periodic Health Examination
Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines
Colorectal Cancer Screening Guidelines
Prostate Cancer Screening Guidelines
Health Promotion and Counselling
Obesity
Dyslipidemia
Exercise
Alcohol Use
Common Presenting Problems
Allergic Rhinitis
Amenorrhea
Asthma/COPD
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Bronchitis (Acute)
Common Cold (Acute Rhinitis)
Concussion/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Depression
Diabetes Mellitus
Dizziness
Domestic Violence/Elder Abuse
Dyspepsia
Dyspnea
Epistaxis
Fatigue
Fever
Headache
Hypertension
Joint Pain
Menopause/Hormone Therapy
Osteoarthritis
Osteoporosis
Rash
Sinusitis
Sleep Disorders
Sore Throat (Pharyngitis)
Palliative Care
Antimicrobial Quick Reference
Landmark Family Medicine Trials
References
Gastroenterology
Acronyms
Visualizing the Gastrointestinal Tract
Esophagus
Barrett’s Esophagus
Dysphagia
Esophageal Diverticula
Stomach and Duodenum
Gastritis
H. pylori-Induced Peptic Ulceration
Stress-Induced Ulceration
Acute Diarrhea
Traveller’s Diarrhea
Chronic Diarrhea
Celiac Disease (Gluten Enteropathy/Sprue)
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Crohn’s Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Constipation
Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Esophageal Varices
Mallory-Weiss Tear
Diverticular Bleeding
Benign Anorectal Disease
Hepatitis A Virus
Hepatitis D Virus
Autoimmune Liver Disease
Wilson’s Disease
Alcoholic Liver Disease
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Acute Liver Failure (formerly Fulminant Hepatic Failure)
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Ascites
Biliary Tract
Gilbert’s Syndrome
Primary Biliary Cholangitis (formerly Primary Biliary Cirrhosis)
Pancreas
Chronic Pancreatitis
Autoimmune Pancreatitis
Enteral Nutrition
Common Medications
Landmark Gastroenterology Trials
References
General and Thoracic Surgery
Acronyms
Differential Diagnoses of Common Presentations
Abdominal Mass
Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Preoperative Preparations
Surgical Complications
Urinary and Renal Complications
Cardiac Complications
Intra-Abdominal Abscess
Lung Cancer
Pleura, Lung, and Mediastinum
Tube Thoracostomy
Lung Transplantation
Mediastinal Masses
Esophageal Carcinoma
Esophageal Perforation
Hiatus Hernia
Achalasia
Stomach and Duodenum
Gastric Carcinoma
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour
Bariatric Surgery
SMALL INTESTINE
Paralytic Ileus
Tumours of Small Intestine
Short Gut Syndrome
Groin Hernias
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
Functional Large Bowel Obstruction: Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (Ogilvie’s Syndrome)
Diverticular Disease
Colorectal Neoplasms
Familial Colon Cancer Syndromes
Colorectal Carcinoma
Other Conditions of the Large Intestine
Toxic Megacolon
Fistula
Anorectum
Anal Fissures
Fistula-In-Ano
Rectal Prolapse
Liver
Liver Abscesses
Liver Transplantation
Biliary Tract
Biliary Colic
Acalculous Cholecystitis
Acute Cholangitis
Carcinoma of the Gallbladder
Pancreas
Chronic Pancreatitis
Spleen
Splenectomy
Breast
Breast Cancer
Surgical Endocrinology
Pancreas
Paediatric Surgery
Skin Lesions
Common Medications
Landmark General and Thoracic Surgery Trials
References
Geriatric Medicine
Acronyms
Framework for the Approach to the Older Adult
Presentations in Older Adults
Delirium
Elder Abuse
Falls
Frailty
Immobility
Incontinence
Malnutrition
Presbycusis
Driving Competency
Hazards of Hospitalization
Healthcare Institutions
Polypharmacy
Common Medications
Landmark Geriatric Medicine Trials
References
Gynaecology
Acronyms
Menstruation
Stages of Puberty
Common Investigations and Procedures
Disorders of Menstruation
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
Dysmenorrhea
Adenomyosis
Fibroids
Contraception
Hormonal Methods
Intrauterine Device
Termination of Pregnancy
Pregnancy-Related Complications
Ectopic Pregnancy
Infertility
Male Factors
Gynaecological Infections
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Bartholin Gland Abscess
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
Surgical Infections
Menopause
Menopause Hormone Therapy
Urogynaecology
Urinary Incontinence
Gynaecological Oncology
Ovary
Cervix
Fallopian Tube
Vagina
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease/Neoplasia
Common Medications
Landmark Gynaecology Trials
References
Hematology
Acronyms
Complete Blood Count
Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy
Common Presenting Problems
Erythrocytosis
Thrombocytosis
Neutrophilia
Lymphocytosis
Lymphopenia
Leukemoid Reaction
Approach to Splenomegaly
Microcytic Anemia
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Anemia of Chronic Disease
Sideroblastic Anemia
Hemolytic Anemia
Thalassemia
β-Thalassemia Minor (Thalassemia Trait)
β-Thalassemia Intermedia
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Macrocytic Anemia
Folate Deficiency
Disorders of Primary Hemostasis
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Disorders of Secondary Hemostasis
Hemophilia B (Factor IX Deficiency)
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Hypercoagulable Disorders
Venous Thromboembolism
Approach to Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism
Hematologic Malignancies and Related Disorders
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
Polycythemia Vera
Idiopathic Myelofibrosis
Essential Thrombocythemia
Lymphoid Malignancies
Lymphomas
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Malignant Clonal Proliferations of Mature B-Cells
Multiple Myeloma
Monoclonal Gammopathy of Unknown Significance
Tumour Lysis Syndrome
Platelets
Acute Blood Transfusion Reactions
Delayed Blood Transfusion Reactions
Common Medications
Anticoagulant Therapy
Chemotherapeutic and Biologic Agents Used in Oncology
Landmark Hematology Trials
References
Infectious Diseases
Acronyms
Virology
Mycology
Transmission of Infectious Diseases
Respiratory Infections
Influenza
COVID-19
Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
Necrotizing Fasciitis
Gastrointestinal Infections
Diabetic Foot Infections
Osteomyelitis
CNS Infections
Encephalitis
Generalized Tetanus
Systemic Infections
Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease)
Lyme Disease
Cat Scratch Disease
West Nile Virus
Tuberculosis
HIV and AIDS
Natural History
Anti-Retroviral Treatment
Prevention of HIV Infection
Types of Testing
Endemic Mycoses
Cryptococcus spp.
Aspergillus spp.
Giardia lamblia
Blood and Tissue Infections
Trypanosoma cruzi
Helminths
Flatworms – Cestodes/Trematode
Ectoparasites
Fever in the Returned Traveller
Fever of Unknown Origin
Infections in the Immunocompromised Host
Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
A Simplified Look at Antibiotics
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Antifungals
Antiparasitics
Quick Reference: Common Infections and Their Antibiotic Management
References
Medical Genetics
Acronyms
Pedigrees
Genetic Testing and Counselling
Approach to the Patient with Physical Differences
Genetic Conditions
Other Single Gene Disorders
Metabolic Diseases
Landmark Medical Genetics Trials
References
Medical Imaging
Acronyms
Ultrasound
Contrast Agents
Chest Computed Tomography
Lung Abnormalities
Pulmonary Vascular Abnormalities
Pleural Abnormalities
Tubes, Lines, and Catheters
Abdominal Imaging
Abdominal Computed Tomography
Approach to Abdominal Computed Tomography
Contrast Studies
“itis” Imaging
Angiography of Gastrointestinal Tract
Gynaecological Imaging
Adrenal Mass
Approach to Head Computed Tomography
Selected Pathology
Musculoskeletal System
Approach to Bone X-Rays
Infection
Nuclear Medicine
Cardiac
Interventional Radiology
Nonvascular Interventions
Breast Imaging
Breast Interventional Procedures
Landmark Radiology Trials
References
Nephrology
Acronyms
Renal Hemodynamics
Urinalysis
Urine Microscopy
Urine Biochemistry
Hyponatremia
Hypernatremia
Diabetes Insipidus
Hyperkalemia
Hyperphosphatemia
Hypophosphatemia
Acid-Base Disorders
Metabolic Acidosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
Polyuria
Parenchymal Kidney Diseases
Glomerular Syndromes
Tubulointerstitial Disease
Vascular Diseases of the Kidney
Analgesic Nephropathies
Scleroderma
Malignancy
Hypertension
Cystic Diseases of the Kidney
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
Renal Replacement Therapy
Renal Transplantation
Common Medications
Landmark Nephrology Trials
References
Neurology
Acronyms
The Neurological Exam
Cranial Nerve Exam
Sensory Exam
Lumbar Puncture
Numbness/Altered Sensation
Cranial Nerve Deficits
CN IV: Trochlear Nerve
CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Neuro-Ophthalmology
Abnormalities of Visual Field
Diplopia
Nutritional Deficiencies and Toxic Injuries
Seizure Disorders and Epilepsy
Status Epilepticus
Behavioural Neurology
Major Neurocognitive Disorder (formerly Dementia)
Major or Mild Neurocognitive Dementia due to Alzheimer’s Disease
Major or Mild Neurocognitive Dementia with Lewy Bodies (formerly Dementia with Lewy Bodies)
Major or Mild Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Dementia (formerly Frontotemporal Dementia)
Major or Mild Vascular Neurocognitive Dementia
Apraxia
Agnosia
Neuro-Oncology
Overview of Movement Disorders
Parkinson’s Disease
Other Parkinsonian Disorders
Tic Disorders
Cerebellar Disorders
Vertigo
Peripheral Neuropathies
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Neuromuscular Junction Diseases
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
Myopathies
Pain Syndromes
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Painful Diabetic Neuropathy
Headache
Migraine Headaches
Sleep Disorders
Coma
Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement in Sleep
Central Nervous System Infections
Assessment of Acute Ischemic Stroke
Primary and Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Common Medications
Landmark Neurology Trials
References
Neurosurgery
Acronyms
Differential Diagnoses of Common Presentations
ICP/Volume Relationship
Cerebral Blood Flow
Herniation Syndromes
Treatment of Elevated ICP
Hydrocephalus
Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension
Metastatic Tumours
Adult Diffuse Gliomas
Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
Vestibular Schwannoma (Acoustic Neuroma)
Cerebral Abscess
Blood
Subdural Hematoma
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Intracranial Aneurysms
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Vascular Malformations
Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistulas
Root Compression
Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy
Lumbar Disc Syndrome
Cauda Equina Syndrome
Neurogenic Claudication
Spinal Cord Syndromes
SPECIALTY TOPICS
Head Injury
Brain Injury
Spinal Cord Injury
Fractures of the Spine
Neurologically Determined Death
Persistent Vegetative State
Intraventricular Hemorrhage
Dandy-Walker Malformation
Craniosynostosis
Functional Neurosurgery
Chronic Pain
Surgical Management for Trigeminal Neuralgia
References
Obstetrics
Acronyms
Pregnancy
Antepartum Care
Nausea and Vomiting
Subsequent Prenatal Visits
Prenatal Screening and Diagnostic Tests
Fetal Surveillance
Counselling of the Pregnant Patient
Lifestyle
Medications
Antepartum Hemorrhage
Placental Abruption
Vasa Previa
Prelabour Rupture of Membranes
Postterm Pregnancy
Intrauterine Fetal Demise
Macrosomia
Polyhydramnios/Oligohydramnios
Multi-Fetal Gestation and Malpresentation
Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome
Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
Medical Complications of Pregnancy
Early-Onset Group B Streptococcus Disease
Urinary Tract Infection
Venous Thromboembolism
Normal Labour and Delivery
Four Stages of Labour
The Cardinal Movements of the Fetus During Delivery
Fetal Monitoring in Labour
Induction and Augmentation of Labour
Methods for Induction of Labour
Augmentation of Labour
Umbilical Cord Prolapse
Amniotic Fluid Embolism
Meconium
Forceps
Episiotomy
Trial of Labour after Caesarean (TOLAC)
Retained Placenta
Postpartum Pyrexia
Postpartum Mood Alterations
Postpartum Care
Common Medications
References
Ophthalmology
Acronyms
Differential Diagnoses of Common Presentations
Ocular Pain
Diplopia (Double Vision)
Optics
The Orbit
Lacrimal Apparatus
Epiphora (Excessive Tearing)
Lids and Lashes
Ectropion
Xanthelasma
Conjunctivitis
Sclera
Scleritis
Corneal Abrasion
Herpes Simplex Keratitis
Keratoconus
Lens
Dislocated Lens (Ectopia Lentis)
Endophthalmitis and Vitritis
Central/Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Glaucoma
Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
Normal Tension Glaucoma
Secondary Angle-Closure Glaucoma
Pupil Abnormalities
Dilated Pupil (Mydriasis)
Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect
Malignancies
Other Systemic Infections
Hypertension
Multiple Sclerosis
Sarcoidosis
Amblyopia
Leukocoria
Nasolacrimal System Defects
Penetrating Trauma
Chemical Burns
Common Medications
Landmark Ophthalmology Trials
References
Orthopaedic Surgery
Acronyms
Fractures – General Principles
Approach to Fractures
Fracture Healing
Orthopaedic X-Ray Imaging
Orthopaedic Emergencies
Open Fractures
Osteomyelitis
Shoulder
Rotator Cuff Disease
Acromioclavicular Joint Pathology
Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis)
Humeral Shaft Fracture
Elbow
Radial Head Fracture
Epicondylitis
Monteggia Fracture
Wrist
Complications of Wrist Fractures
Hand
Thoracolumbar Spine
Pelvis
Hip
Hip Fracture
Arthritis of the Hip
Femur
Distal Femoral Fracture
Cruciate Ligament Tears
Collateral Ligament Tears
Quadriceps/Patellar Tendon Rupture
Patella
Patellofemoral Syndrome
Tibia
Ankle
Ankle Ligamentous Injuries
Achilles Tendonitis
Plantar Fasciitis
Metatarsal Fracture
Physeal Injury
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Scoliosis
Bone Tumours
Benign Aggressive Bone Tumours
Malignant Bone Tumours
Common Medications
Landmark Orthopaedic Trials
Otolaryngology
Acronyms
Nose
Head and Neck
Anatomical Triangles of the Neck
Differential Diagnoses of Common Presentation
Hearing Loss
Nasal Obstruction
Neck Mass
Pure Tone Audiometry
Speech Audiometry
Auditory Brainstem Response
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
Vestibular Neuronitis (Labyrinthitis)
Acoustic Neuroma (Vestibular Schwannoma)
Diseases of the External Ear
Malignant (Necrotizing) Otitis Externa (Skull Base Osteomyelitis)
Mastoiditis
Otosclerosis
Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Noise-Induced Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Facial Nerve (CN VII) Paralysis
Rhinitis
Allergic Rhinitis (i.e. Hay Fever)
Rhinosinusitis
Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Epistaxis
Hoarseness
Vocal Cord Polyps
Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
Sialolithiasis
Neck Masses
Evaluation
Thyroglossal Duct Cysts
Lymphatic, Venous, or Mixed Venolymphatic Malformations
Thyroid Carcinoma
Paediatric Otolaryngology
Otitis Media with Effusion
Adenoid Hypertrophy
Peritonsillar Abscess (Quinsy)
Tonsillectomy
Signs of Airway Obstruction
Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)
Subglottic Stenosis
Deep Neck Space Infection
Landmark Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery Trials
References
Paediatrics
Acronyms
Primary Care
Routine Immunization
Growth and Development
Nutrition
Circumcision
Infantile Colic
Encopresis
Toilet Training
Obesity
Rashes
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Adolescent Medicine
Child Abuse and Neglect
Sexual Abuse
Cardiology
Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
Congestive Heart Failure
Dysrhythmias
Infective Endocarditis
Intellectual Disability
Language Delay
Specific Learning Disorder
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Diabetes Mellitus
Growth
Hypercalcemia/Hypocalcemia/Rickets
Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism
Disorders of Sexual Development
Fluids and Electrolytes
Gastroenterology
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Diarrhea
Gastroenteritis
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Constipation
Chronic Abdominal Pain
Abdominal Mass
Genetics, Dysmorphisms, and Metabolism
Physiologic Anemia
Vitamin K Deficiency
Bleeding Disorders
Oncology
Lymphoma
Brain Tumours
Neuroblastoma
Infectious Diseases
Acute Otitis Media
Otitis Media with Effusion
Infectious Paediatric Exanthems
Infectious Mononucleosis
Infectious Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis
Meningitis
Mumps
Pertussis
Sinusitis
Neonatology
Routine Neonatal Care
Common Conditions of Neonates
Bleeding Disorders in Neonates
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Cyanosis
Hypoglycemia
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Respiratory Distress in the Newborn
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Skin Conditions of the Neonate
Nephritic Syndrome
Nephrotic Syndrome
Hypertension in Childhood
Neurology
Febrile Seizures
Neurocutaneous Syndromes
Respirology
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia
Rheumatology
Limb Pain
Lyme Arthritis
Vasculitides
Common Medications
Landmark Paediatric Trials
Palliative Medicine
Acronyms
Care of the Dying Patient
Psychosocial and Spiritual Needs
Communication
Suffering
Self-Care
Assessment Tools
References
Plastic Surgery
Acronyms
Brachial Plexus
Face
Basic Surgical Techniques
Excision
Wounds
Infected Wounds
Dressings
Meshed Grafts
Soft Tissue Infections
Cellulitis
Ulcers
Pressure Ulcers
Pathophysiology of Burn Wounds
Indications for Transfer to Burn Centre
Acute Care of Burn Patients
Special Considerations
Hand
General Management of Hand Injuries (Categorized by Tissue)
Amputations
Tendons
Fractures and Dislocations
Dupuytren’s Disease
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Craniofacial Injuries
Mandibular Fractures
Maxillary Fractures
Orbital Floor Fractures
Breast
Mastopexy (Breast Lift)
Breast Reconstruction
Aesthetic Surgery
Gender-Affirming Surgery (Transition-Related Surgery)
Paediatric Plastic Surgery
References
Psychiatry
Acronyms
Mental Status Exam
Assessment and Plan
Suicide
Psychotic Disorders
Schizophrenia
Schizophreniform Disorder
Delusional Disorder
Mood Episodes
Depressive Disorders
Postpartum Mood Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Agoraphobia
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Related Disorders
Adjustment Disorder
Neurocognitive Disorders
Major Neurocognitive Disorder (Dementia)
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
Nicotine
Opioids
Cocaine
Cannabis
“Club Drugs”
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Dissociative Disorders
Sleep Disorders
Paraphilic Disorders
Eating Disorders
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge-Eating Disorder
Personality Disorders
Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Intermittent Explosive Disorder
Pharmacotherapy
Antidepressants
Mood Stabilizers
Anxiolytics
Somatic Therapies
Neurosurgical Treatments
Canadian Legal Issues
Consent
Landmark Psychiatry Clinical Trials
Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Acronyms
Legislation and Public Health in Canada
Groups Facing Systemic Barriers, Discrimination, and Structural Violence
Indigenous Health in Canada
Disease Prevention
Measurements of Health and Disease in a Population
Epidemiology
Interpreting Test Results
Effectiveness of Interventions
Types of Study Design
Experimental Study Designs
Methods of Analysis
Common Statistical Tests
Causation
Health System Planning and Quality
Economic Evaluation
Managing Disease Outbreaks
Infection Control Targets
Environmental Health
Water
Food
Occupational Health
Occupational Hazards
Workplace Secondary Prevention
Other Reportable Conditions
References
Respirology
Acronyms
Differential Diagnoses of Common Presentations
Pulmonary Function Tests
Chest X-Rays
Airway Disease
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Bronchiectasis
Cystic Fibrosis
Interstitial Lung Disease
Unknown Etiologic Agents
Known Etiologic Agents
Pulmonary Vascular Disease
Pulmonary Embolism
Pulmonary Vasculitis
Diseases of the Mediastinum and Pleura
Complicated Parapneumonic Effusion
Mesothelioma
Hpercapnic Respiratory Failure
Neoplasms
Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
Introduction to Intensive Care
Organ Failure
Sepsis
Common Medications
Landmark Respirology Trials
References
Rheumatology
Acronyms
Immunogenetics and Disease
Synovial Fluid Analysis
Septic Arthritis
Seropositive Rheumatic Disease
Connective Tissue Disorders
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome
Scleroderma (i.e. Systemic Sclerosis)
Inflammatory Myopathy
Sjögren’s Syndrome
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
Small Vessel Non-ANCA-Associated Vasculitis
Small Vessel ANCA-Associated Vasculitis
Medium Vessel Vasculitis
Large Vessel Vasculitis
Seronegative Rheumatic Disease
Enteropathic Arthritis
Reactive Arthritis
Crystal-Induced Arthropathies
Pseudogout (Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Disease)
Fibromyalgia
Common Medications
Landmark Rheumatology Trials
References
Urology
Acronyms
Urologic History
Microscopic Hematuria
Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction
Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
Urethral Stricture
Neurogenic Bladder
Dysuria
Hydronephrosis
Overactive Bladder
Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases
Recurrent/Chronic Cystitis
Interstitial Cystitis (Painful Bladder or Bladder Pain Syndrome)
Prostatitis/Prostatodynia
Epididymitis and Orchitis
Stone Disease
Approach to Renal Stones
Urological Neoplasms
Malignant Renal Neoplasms
Carcinoma of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter
Bladder Carcinoma
Prostate Cancer
PSA Screening
Testicular Tumours
Penile Tumours
Scrotal Masses
Penile Complaints
Trauma
Urethral Injuries
Infertility and Andrology
Testosterone Deficiency
Wilms’ Tumour (Nephroblastoma)
Enuresis
Circumcision
Cystoscopy
Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
Transition-Related Surgeries
Landmark Urology Trials
References
Vascular Surgery
Acronyms
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Aortic Disease
Aortic Aneurysm
Carotid Stenosis
Venous Disease
Lymphedema
Landmark Vascular Surgery Trials
References