Tools for Landscape-Scale Geobotany and Conservation

Preface
Contents
Mapping
1 Basic Semiological Principles to Define Coherent Colour Schemes for Vegetation Mapping
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 The Colour Metric in Infographics
3 Colour Symbolism and Its Potential Use in Vegetation Mapping
4 Setting of Colorimetric Variables
4.1 General Principle
5 Symbolisation of First-Order Ecological Dimensions
6 Symbolisation of Physiognomic, Dynamic and Anthropogenic Dimensions
7 Additional Symbologies: Outlines, Overlays and Transparencies
8 Conclusion
References
2 Plant Species Distributions and Ecological Complexity: Mapping Sampling-Effort Bias Explicitly
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Uncertainty Related to Sampling Effort: Representing Sampling Bias by a Diffusion-Density Algorithm
3 Discussion and Open Challenges
References
3 Mapping of Biogeographical Territories: Flora, Vegetation and Landscape Criteria
Abstract
1 Introduction. Concept of Biogeography
2 Definition of Biogeographical Territories
3 Floristic Approach
4 Vegetational Approach
5 Landscape Approach
6 Definition of the Biogeographical Territorial Ranks
6.1 Kingdom (Realm)
6.2 Region
6.3 Province
6.4 Sector
6.5 District
References
4 Dynamic-Catenal Vegetation Mapping as a Tool for Ecological Restoration and Conservation Policy
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 What is Dynamic Catenal Phytosociology?
3 Main Levels of Integration
4 Main Concepts
References
5 Climate Change, Wetland Management and Alpaca Pastoralism in the Bolivian High Andes Mountains
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Location of the Study Area
4 Results
4.1 Conditions of the Glaciers from the Andean Mountain Range of Bolivia
4.2 Puna Vegetation in the High Andean Region of Apolobamba
4.3 Alpaca and Llama Grazing Technologies
4.4 Management of Bofedales and Climate-Change Adaptation
4.4.1 Rustic Canals of Female Khuli (Distichia Muscoides)
4.4.2 Rustic Canals Combined with Q’ochas (Lagoons)
4.4.3 Rustic Canals for Irrigation of High Andean Grasslands
4.5 Perceptions of Climate-Change Effects, from Alpaca and Llama Herders in Cañuma
5 Conclusions
References
6 Essays on Geobotanic Mapping in the Andes of Bolivia, with Particular Reference to the Conservation Status of the Vegetation
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 The Study Areas
4 Vegetation Map of the Capinota Valley (Cochabamba)
5 Map of the Vegetation of the Nevado Sajama (Oruro)
6 Map of the Vegetation of Isla del Sol (Lake Titicaca)
7 Map of Forests of the Camacho River Basin (Tarija)
8 Discussion
References
7 Using Geobotanical Tools to Operationalize Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystem Services (MAES) in Southern Portugal
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Map Sources
2.3 Geobotanical and Phytosociological Data Sources
2.4 Ecosystem Mapping
2.4.1 EUNIS – COS’07 Crosswalk
2.4.2 Thematic Refinement
2.5 Ecological Value of Plant Communities
2.6 Phytodiversity
3 Results
4 Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Annex I
References
8 Spatial Representation of Plant Diversity at Geographical Scale: The Italian Experience
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Italian Examples
3 Experience of the Phytotaxonomic-Phytogeographic Laboratory in the University of Palermo
3.1 Plant Biodiversity of Palermo Province
4 Plant Biodiversity Map of the Madonie Natural Park
5 Plant Biodiversity Map of the Southeastern Sicani Mts
6 Discussion and Conclusions
Ackowledgements
References
9 Cognitive Mapping of Forest Fragments
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Methodological Issues
3 Methodological Solution
4 Application
References
Phytosociology
10 California Ultramafic Vegetation: A Phytosociological Update
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 A Summary of Ultramafic Vegetation Units
3.1 North Coast Ranges
3.1.1 Sargent Cypress Woodland
3.1.2 Riparian Scrub
3.2 Great Valley and Sierra Nevada
3.2.1 Pine-Oak and Pine Woodlands
3.2.2 Chaparral
3.3 Klamath-Siskiyou Mountain Region
3.3.1 Jeffrey Pine Woodland
3.3.2 Fir forests
3.3.3 Subalpine Woodland
3.3.4 Port Orford Cedar Forest and Adjacent Wetlands
3.4 Southern California
4 Appendices
4.1 Taxonomic Appendix
4.2 Syntaxonomic Appendix
References
11 Plant Associations of Petasition officinalis Alliance in the East Carpathians (Călimani and Gurghiu Mountains Romania)
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Results and Discussions
4 Data Analysis
5 Results and Discussion
6 Conclusions
References
12 Arthrocnemum macrostachyum plant communities in the Iberian Peninsula, Balearic and Canary Islands (Spain and Portugal)
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Nomenclature and References
3 Material and Methods
3.1 Data Sources
3.2 Data Analysis
4 Results and Discussion
5 Syntaxonomy
6 Floristic Appendix and New Herbarium Records 
References
13 Geosynphytosociological Typology of French Atlantic Coastal Rocky-Cliff Vegetation
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Concepts and Method
3.1 Concepts: Series and Geoseries
3.2 Method: Characterization of Coastal Geopermaseries
4 Results
5 Conclusion
References
14 Symphytosociology, a Tool for Landscape Monitoring: A Case Study from the Swiss Alps
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Location
2.2 Symphytosociological Relevés
2.3 Resurvey
2.4 Numerical Analyses
2.5 Nomenclature
3 Results
3.1 Classification of the 1982 Relevés
3.2 Changes Between 1982 and 2014
3.2.1 Cluster Analysis
3.2.2 Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA)
3.3 Landscape Change
3.4 Thermophilisation
3.5 Impact of the Deer
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Ecology
15 Why Does Mediterranean Vegetation Seem So Diverse?
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Modeling Plant Forms and Characters
3 Methodology
4 Results Worldwide
5 Why Does the Mediterranean Seem So Rich?
6 Conclusion
References
16 Coastal Dune Vegetation Zonation in Italy: Squeezed Between Environmental Drivers and Threats
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Coastal Dune Vegetation Zonation: Environmental Gradients, Habitats and Species Diversity
3 Major Threats
3.1 Land Use Changes and Landscape Fragmentation
3.2 Trampling
3.3 Alien Species
4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
17 Constraints on Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forests in the Southeastern United States
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Data and Methods
3 The Coastal Plain Environment
4 Evergreen Broad-Leaved Tree Taxa
5 Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest Types
6 Constraints and Vegetation Dynamics
7 Conclusion
Appendix: Composition and Structure of the Main Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest Types
References
18 Role of Riparian Zones in Reducing Pollution of Surface and Ground Water, Increase Agricultural Production and Nutrient Acquisition and Storage in River Catchments
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Water Resources of Romania
3 Geography Description of River Basin
4 Land Use
5 System of Agricultural Crops
6 Nutrient Input
6.1 Input of Nutrient by Fertilizers
6.2 Input of Nutrient by Untreated Sewage Water
7 Vegetation Description of River Basin
7.1 Types and Structure of Vegetation
7.2 Biomass–Primary Production and Productivity C, N Stocks and Nutrient Uptake
7.3 Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling
8 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Conservation
19 Vegetation and Flora of Sacred Natural Sites in North-Western Morocco—Landscape Context and Conservation Value
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Methods
4 Results
4.1 Number, Density and Size of SNS
4.2 Vegetation Cover and Degree of Naturalness of the SNS
4.3 Forest Plant Communities on SNS in NW Morocco
4.4 Vulnerable Plant Species and Refugial Value of SNS
5 Discussion
5.1 Number, Density and Size of SNS in Morocco in Comparison to Other Countries
5.2 Naturalness of the Vegetation on Sacred Sites in Northern Morocco
5.3 Sacred Sites as Refuges for Rare or Threatened Plant Species
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
20 The Kaga Coast (Japan): A Natural Ecosystem and Cultural Landscape Ensuring Biodiversity
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Historical Planting Activities
3 Methodology
4 Current Protection Activities and Results
References
21 Measurement and Conservation of Species and Habitat Biodiversity at Different Scales on Small Mediterranean Islands
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Discussion
4 Conclusion
References