This book is the first detailed and comprehensive study of taxation in Jewish Palestine in the Early Roman period, from the conquest of the Jewish state by Pompey in 63 B.C.E. to the fall of Jerusalem in 70 C.E. Rather than constructing theoretical models of the economic conditions of Palestine, this study is based on a historical analysis of the extant sources. Judea s systems of taxation depended on the politics of its relationship with Rome and its magistrates. This work clarifies the problem of taxation and the role that economic factors might have played both in the rise of early Christianity and in the Revolt of 66 C.E. By situating Judea within its wider context within the Roman empire, this study also contributes more generally to our understanding of Roman provincial administration.
Author(s): Fabian E. Udoh
Publisher: Brown Judaic Studies
Year: 2006
Language: English
Pages: 368
To Caesar What Is Caesar’s......Page 3
Contents......Page 7
Preface and Acknowledgments......Page 9
Abbreviations......Page 11
Introduction......Page 15
1. Roman Tribute in Jewish Palestine under Pompey (63–47 B.C.E.)......Page 23
Cicero......Page 26
Dio Cassius......Page 31
Appian......Page 32
Tribute and Exactions......Page 36
Conclusion......Page 44
2. Caesar’s Favors (47–44 B.C.E.)......Page 45
Tribute: For the City of Jerusalem, and for the City of Joppa......Page 55
Tribute for the City of Joppa......Page 59
Tribute for the City of Jerusalem......Page 62
Further Reductions, Collection......Page 66
Local Taxes......Page 71
Territorial Grants: Joppa, “The Villages in the Great Plain,” and Lydda......Page 74
The Senate, Joppa, and the Plain of Sharon......Page 82
Joppa, “the Villages in the Great Plain,” and Lydda......Page 85
Grants of Freedom: Billeting, Military Service, and Molestation......Page 89
Billeting......Page 90
Military Service......Page 93
Angareia......Page 96
The Temple Tax......Page 101
3. Cassius and Antony in the East (43–40 B.C.E.)......Page 114
Cassius in Syria (43–42 B.C.E.)......Page 115
After Philippi: Antony and the Jewish State (42–31 B.C.E.)......Page 123
4. Herodian Taxation (37 B.C.E.–4 B.C.E.)......Page 127
The Herods and Roman Tribute......Page 132
Roman Tribute and the Status of Judea......Page 136
Appian’s Bell. civ. 5.75 and Herod’s Appointment......Page 151
A King’s Accounting......Page 157
Herod’s Taxes......Page 173
Land and Property Taxes......Page 176
The “Head Tax”......Page 178
Tolls and Duties on Goods in Transit......Page 185
Sales Taxes......Page 189
House Tax......Page 191
Epilogue......Page 194
5. Taxation of Judea under the Governors......Page 221
Judea and the Provincial Census......Page 222
Judea and Provincial Taxes......Page 233
Tributum Soli......Page 235
Tributum Capitis......Page 237
Other Taxes and the System of Collection......Page 252
Conclusions......Page 255
6. Tithes in the Second Temple Period......Page 258
Biblical Laws and Postexilic Harmonizations......Page 259
“First Tithes” to Priests and to Levites......Page 262
Numbers 18:21–32; Leviticus 27:30–33 in Ezra/Nehemiah’s Restoration......Page 272
Centralized Collection......Page 277
Offered Also to Individual Priests and Levites......Page 287
Tithes of Livestock......Page 289
Summary and Conclusion......Page 291
Epilogue......Page 293
Bibliography......Page 303
Index of Passages......Page 328
Index of Modern Authors......Page 341
Index of Subjects......Page 349
