This book explores the discrepancies among what protections Title IX provides to pregnant and parenting students, what colleges communicate, and what pregnant and parenting students actually experience. To actually protect pregnant and parenting students, the authors argue that a school must provide multifaceted support that is effectively communicated to an entire campus community, including students who are parenting, who are pregnant, and who may become pregnant.
Author(s): Catherine L. Riley, Alexis Hutchinson, Carley Dix
Series: Routledge Research in Higher Education
Publisher: Routledge
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 313
City: New York
Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Epigraph
Brief Contents
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
Acknowledgments
Part 1: Context: The Realities of Pregnancy and Parenting in College
Chapter 1: Introduction to Title IX as It Relates to Pregnancy
The Evolution of Title IX
Preceding Laws
Title IX Beginnings and Passage
Title IX Compliance and Enforcement
Hierarchy of Law
Regulations
Case Law Precedents
Where Does Pregnancy and Parenting Factor In?
Legislative History
Regulations
Guidance
Review of Pregnancy and Parenting Case Law
High School and National Honor Society
Undergraduate Student Cases
Pregnancy Accommodation Cases
Analysis of Accommodation Cases
Department of Education Office of Civil Rights Settlements
Undergraduate Athletics and Pregnancy
Graduate Student Cases
Admission
Academic Requirements
Denial of Leave
Evaluating How Schools Respond to Title IX
Preview of Chapters
Notes
Chapter 2: “Pregnant Students? We Don’t Have Those Here”: Seeing the Pregnant and Parenting Student Population
Why Pregnant and Parenting Students Are Unseen and Unheard
The Presence of Pregnant Students
The Presence of Parenting Students and Their Children
In College Classrooms and Offices
In Campus Childcare Centers
On-campus Housing
Summary
Notes
Chapter 3: “How Could This Happen?”: Identifying Students’ Knowledge Gaps and Limited Communication about Pregnancy
Optimistic Biases
Knowledge Gaps
The Missing Puzzle Pieces
Reproductive Anatomy and Sex
Female Reproductive Anatomy
Male Reproductive Anatomy
The Basics of Sexual Intercourse
Fertility
The Signs of Fertility
Influences of Fertility
Realities of and Influences on Infertility
Pregnancy
The Beginning of a Pregnancy
The Duration of Pregnancy
Nutrition
Communication about Sex and Unplanned Pregnancies
Notes
Chapter 4: “There’s Nothing Else We Can Do for You”: Acknowledging the Physical Challenges Surrounding Pregnancy
Pregnancy and Its Physical Challenges
The First Trimester
The Second Trimester
The Third Trimester
After Delivery, the “Fourth Trimester”
Delayed Medical Care
Incomplete Pregnancies and Their Physical Challenges
Miscarriages
Abortions
Hormonal Treatments
Conclusion
Notes
Chapter 5: My Dream School Became “Draining”: Recognizing the Mental Challenges Surrounding Pregnancy
Depression and Emotional Health Challenges among Parenting Students
Stress and Related Health Challenges among Pregnant and Parenting Students
Incomplete Pregnancies and Mental Health Risks
Stigmatization and Its Effects
Conclusion
Notes
Chapter 6: “I Even Wondered, What Are My Rights?”: Title IX Compliance and Why It Is Often an Afterthought
Current Compliance Requirements Summary
Discrimination Prohibition
Provide Academic Accommodations
Medical Documentation
Provision of Leave and Return to Status
Summary
Creating the Foundations of a Compliance Program for Pregnant and Parenting Students
Where to Start
Designation and Data
Campus Communication, Policy, and Training
Providing Adjustments and Accommodations
Pregnancy as Disability
How to Request, When to Request, and What Documentation to Request
Discrimination Prevention and Resolution
Academic Discrimination
Student Organization Discrimination
Conclusion
Notes
Part 2: Introduction to the Case Studies
Notes
Chapter 7: Silent Incompliance at a Mid-Size Private University
The Scene
Absent Messages
Students Are Unaware of Rights and Resources
Students Feel Unsupported
Students Remain Relatively Alone
Vague Language
Students Are Uninformed on Existing Resources
Students Are Uncertain of What to Do
School Looks Unprepared and Unwilling to Help
Relational Discourse
Silence is Perpetuated
School Remains Unsupportive
Conclusion
Notes
Chapter 8: Hospitality as Compliance at a Small Private College
The Scene
Commonplace Discourse
Family Is Normalized on Campus
School-Life Barrier Is Broken Down
Pregnancy and Parenting Situations Are De-escalated
Constitutive Rhetoric
Campus Community Members Are Encouraged to Practice Support
Panic among Pregnant Students Is Mitigated
Inclusive Messages
Sense of Belonging Is Affirmed
Continued Education and Campus Involvement Are Facilitated
Conclusion
Notes
Chapter 9: Structural Support and Insufficiencies at a Large State School
The Scene
Clear Structural Support
Intentional Inclusion Is Shown
Pregnant and Parenting Population Begins to Be Normalized
Enduring Deficiencies May Be Masked
Lack of Visual Presence
Outreach to Students Is Limited
Other Forms of Support Are Hindered
Referral Messages
Support Is Underutilized
Responsibility to Support Is Passed On
Conclusion
Notes
Chapter 10: Complying with Title IX Means Making Schools Supportive Spaces
The Cycle of Under-Support
Necessary Types of Support
Structural Support
Informational Support
Tangible Support
Network Support
Emotional Support
Using Communication to Build Supportive Spaces
Interpersonal Communication
Mass Communication
Visual Communication
The Duty to Support Pregnant and Parenting Students
Notes
Bibliography
Index
