Tidal Energy Systems: Design, Optimization and Control

Front Matter
Copyright
About the Authors
Introduction to Energy Sources
Energy and Its Transformation
Types of Energy Sources
Primary and Secondary Energy
Commercial Energy and Noncommercial Energy
Nonrenewable Energy Resource
Categories of Nonrenewable Resources for Electricity Generation
Renewable Energy Sources for Electricity Generation
Mainstream Renewable Technologies
Solar Energy System
Wind Energy System
Horizontal and Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
Biomass Energy System
Biomass Conversion Process to Useful Electrical Energy
Thermal Conversion
Chemical Conversion
Geothermal Energy
Low Temperature Resources: Heating
High Temperature Resources: Electricity
Working of a Conventional Geothermal Power Plant
Wave Energy
Wave Energy Resources
Power Associated to a Sea Wave
Hydro Energy System
Hydro Power Basics: Head and Flow
Power and Energy
Worldwide Current Scenario of Renewable Energy System
Environmental Aspects of Renewable Energy Sources
Environmental Impacts of Different Technologies
Environmental Impacts of Wind Power
Environmental Impacts of Solar Power
Environmental Impacts of Geothermal Energy
Environmental Impacts of Biomass
Environmental Impacts of Hydroelectric Power
Exercise
Objective Type Question
Descriptive Type Question
Further Reading
Introduction of Tidal Energy
Historical and Parallel Scenario
Introduction
Global Scenario of Tidal Energy Systems
Indian Scenario of Tidal Energy System
Assessment of Tidal Energy System
Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station, South Korea-254MW
La Rance Tidal Power Plant, France-240MW
Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon, United Kingdom-240MW
MeyGen Tidal Energy Project, Scotland-86MW
Annapolis Royal Generating Station, Canada-20MW
Role of Tidal Energy in Nonconventional Energy Sources
Basic Principle of Tidal Power Plants
How the Tide Generates
Principles of Tidal Power Stations
Single-Basin System
Two-Way Tidal Barrage Generations
Two-Basin Tidal Energy Systems
Double-Basin System
Double-Basin With Linked Basin Operation
Double-Basin With Paired-Basin Operation
Available Technology and Concepts
Available Recent Technologies and Concepts
Advantages and Critical Points of Overtopping Converter
Basic OWC Components
Component of a Tidal Power Plant
Tidal System Component Classification Layer Description
Types of Turbines
Tidal Steam Generator
How Does It Work?
Advantages of Tidal Stream Generators
Disadvantages of Tidal Stream Generators
Tidal Lagoon
The Lagoon Wall
Estimation of Energy Calculation
Ocean With Single Basin Tidal Project
Tidal Dynamic and Structure of Tidal Currents
Tidal Current
Mathematical Function of Tidal Structure
Merits and Demerits of Tidal Energy Systems
List of Advantages of Tidal Energy
List of Disadvantages of Tidal Energy
Numerical
Exercise
Numerical
Objective-Type Question
References
Prefeasibility Assessment of a Tidal Energy System
Site Survey and Feasibility
Resource Assessment Models
One-Dimensional Resource Assessment
Two-Dimensional Resource Assessment
Three Dimensional Resource Assessments
Numerical Models for Resource Assessment
Theoretical Tidal Current Energy Resource
Technical Tidal Current Energy Resource
Practical Tidal Current Energy Resource Assessment
Accessible Tidal Current Energy Resource
Viable Tidal Current Energy Resource
Quantification of Tidal-Stream Resource
Resource Assessment by Regression Analysis
Software Used in Resource Assessment
Distances From the Load Center
Critical Path Method to Assess Duration to Generate Energy From a Tidal Power Plant
Advantages of CPM
Physical Boundaries of Assessment
Technical Boundaries
Geographical Boundaries
Surface Boundary Conditions
Momentum
Heat
Fresh Water
Lateral Boundary Condition
Bottom Boundary Conditions
Open Boundary Conditions
Boundary Condition for Time (Initial Condition)
Important Points Related to Physical Boundaries
Functional Physical Boundaries of Assessment
Static v/s Transect Field Survey
Quantitative Observations Through Static and Transect Survey
Qualitative Observations (Roving Surveys)
Data Analysis
The Challenge of Measuring Water Currents
Location Assessment by Farm Method
Tidal Optimal Unit Using Dynamic Programming Method
Resource Assessment by Flux Method
Maximum Steady-State Power Through Tidal Power Station
Transmission Line Analogy of a Tidal Power Plant
Primary Constant of a Transmission Line
Secondary Constant of a Transmission Line
Voltage Regulation of a Tidal Power Plant at a Suitable Site
Prefeasibility Assessment With Detailed Project Report Preparation and Appraisal
Simple Payback Period
Advantages
Limitations
Return on Investment (ROI)
Limitations
Net Present Value of a Tidal Power Plant
Internal Rate of Return of a Tidal Power Plant
Advantages
Exercise
Numerical
Objective-Type Questions
References
Further Reading
Optimum Sizing and Modeling of Tidal Energy Systems
Introduction
Modeling of Tidal Energy Conversion Systems
Modeling of a Tidal Energy System by HOMER Software
Modeling of Diesel Generator for Tidal Power Plant
Modeling of Battery Bank for Tidal Power Plant
Modeling of 9MW Tidal Power Plant Through MATLAB
Tidal Energy Device Variability
Characteristics of Towing Tanks
Limitations With Physical Model Effects for TECs
Water Tunnel
Characteristics of Enclosed Water Tunnels
TIDAL Basin
Tidal Energy Framework
Component Classification Layer Description
Hydrodynamic System
We have divided the working phenomena of the above components into seven segments:
Modeled Processes
Numerical Solution of Tidal Energy System
Swell Effect (Long-Length) Tidal
Energy Generation Through Tidal Power Plant
Basin Scale
Pressure Wave Velocity in Conduit
Head Loss Due to Friction
Tidal Current Modeling
Modeling of a Tidal Current Turbine
Turbine Power Output
The Power in the Tides
Forces on Blades and Torque of Tidal Turbine
Mathematical Modeling of Hydraulic Turbine
Tidal Energy Facility Size
Functional Requirements
Basic Requirements Imposed for Tidal Energy Generation by Grid Codes
Grid-Connected Marine Energy Infrastructures
Electrical Connection Functional Requirements
Electrical Configurations Schemes
AC Transmission-HVAC Transmission
Possible Configurations
DC Transmission
HVDC VSC
Possible Configurations
Elements of a Grid Connection Infrastructure
Cable Connectors
Offshore Substation
Subsea Cable
Technical Issues Related to AC transmission
Tidal Measurement Devices
Acoustic Doppler Profile
Radar Systems
Tide Gauge
Wave and Tide Sensor
Features
Software Used in Modeling of a Tidal Power Plant
Tidal Farmer
WaveDyn
Steps of a Tidal Turbine Power Plant
Inverter/UPS Rating
Required Number of Batteries
Backup Hours of Batteries
Battery Charging Time
Charging Current for Batteries
Charging Time Required for Battery
DC Load Is Connected As Well As Battery Charging
Rating of Charge Controller
Exercise
Exercise
References
Further Reading
Control System of Tidal Power Plant
Introduction
Automatic Control of a Tidal Power Plant
Need for automatic control of tidal power plant:
Control System for Unit Operation
Information and Control Signals
Local Manual (Mechanical or Push Button) Control
Local Control of Unit From UCB
Control of Unit of Central Control Room and Off Site Supervisory Control
Synchronizing of a Tidal Energy System
Manual Synchronizing
Automatic Synchronizing
Control Strategies of Tidal Energy Conversion Systems
Theory of Hydrokinetic Energy Conversion
Tidal Turbine Control
Angle of Attack
Power and Efficiency
Calculating the Tip Speed Ratio
The Power Curve
Control Strategies
Tidal-Dynamic Energy Assessment
Turbine Configuration and Control Objectives
Drivetrain Model
The Field Oriented Control Method
Electromagnetic Torque
Unity Power Factor Control
Generator-Side Converter Control
Reactive Power Control of Tidal Power Plant
Design of Passive Components
Power Factor Correction (Active and Reactive Power Control)
Reactive Power and Voltage Control
Voltage Control
Tidal Generator
Dynamic Control of Tidal Current Turbine
Load Frequency Control
Control Mechanism of Speed Governing System: Governor Servo System
Governor Drive and Speed Setting
Turbine Model
Generator-Load Model
Stability Analysis of a Tidal Power Plant
Definitions
Electrical Protection of a Tidal Generator
Possible Faults
Stator Faults
Rotor Faults
Loss of Excitation
Unbalanced Loading
Overvoltage
System Frequency Swing
Thermal Protection of Tidal Power Plant
Failure of Cooling
Backup Over Current Protection
Transformer Protection
Station Bus Zone Protection
Transmission Line Protection
Two Terminal Lines
Overcurrent Protection
Phase-to-Ground Faults
Distance Protection
Phase-to-Phase Faults
The Impedance Type
Exercise
Reference
Further Reading
Reliability Assessment Model
Introduction
Failure Distribution Model of a Tidal Energy System
Time-Dependent Failure Mode of a Tidal Energy System
Counting Process
Series System Failure Rate Equations
Parallel System Failure Rate Equations
Reliability Analysis of a Tidal Energy System
Constant Failure Rate Model
Model Uncertainties
Measurement Uncertainties
Constant Failure Modes of Tidal Energy Conversion Systems
Performance Assessment of Reliability Assessment
Reliability Analysis of Fault-Tree Analysis
Causes of Failure in a Tidal Renewable Energy System
Fault-Tree Construction and Analysis
Boolean Algebra and Reliability Calculation
Exercise
Further Reading
Tidal Energy Assessment and Economics
Introduction
Scenario of Tidal Energy System in India
Potential Location in India for Tidal Power Generation
India Lacks a Tidal Energy Policy
Grid Parity of Tidal Energy in India
Challenges With Tidal in Stream Technology
Government Support for Tidal Energy in India
List of Stakeholders Involved in the Development of Technology at the Central and State Levels
Harmonic Analysis of Tidal Power Plant
Assessment of Tidal Energy System by the Optimization Technique
Particle Swarm Optimization
Advantages and Disadvantages of PSO
Chaotic Particle Swarm Optimization (CPSO)
Big Bang Big Crunch
Teacher Learning-Based Optimization Technique
Teacher Phase
Learner Phase
Grasshopper Algorithm
Cuckoo Optimization Technique
Assessment of Tidal Energy System by Game Theory
Basic Concept of Game Theory
Game Theory in a Tidal Renewable Energy System
Mixed Strategy Nash Equilibrium
Role of Tidal Energy System in Clean Development Mechanism
The Role of the Kyoto Protocol and the CDM
Design of a Tidal Energy Project by Designated National Authorities (DNA)
Designated Operating Entities (DOE)
Private Gatherings
NGOs
CDM Project Completion Process
CDM and Forests
Present Status of CDM in India
CDM Potential From Gujarat
Present System for Public Sector CDM Projects in Gujarat
CDM and Waste Disposal
CDM's Role in Technology Transfer
CDM and Sustainable Development
CDM and Tidal Energy Promotion
Economic Analysis of a Tidal Power Plant
General Tariff Form
Investment Need, Appraisal, and Criteria
Criteria
Financial Analysis Techniques
Advantages
Limitations
Time Value of Money
Return on Investment (ROI)
Limitations
Internal Rate of Return
Advantages
Energy Performance Contracting and Role of ESCOS
Exercise
Objective-Type Questions
Reference
Further Reading
Index
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