Three-dimensional echocardiography is the most recent fundamental advancement in echocardiography. Since real-time 3D echocardiography became commercially available in 2002, it has rapidly been accepted in echo labs worldwide. This book covers all clinically relevant aspects of this fascinating new technology, including a comprehensive explanation of its basic principles, practical aspects of clinical application, and detailed descriptions of specific uses in the broad spectrum of clinically important heart disease. The book was written by a group of well-recognized international experts in the field, who have not only been involved in the scientific and clinical evolution of 3D echocardiography since its inception but are also intensively involved in expert training courses. As a result, the clear focus of this book is on the practical application of 3D echocardiography in daily clinical routine with tips and tricks for both beginners and experts, accompanied by more than 150 case examples comprehensively illustrated in more than 800 images and more than 500 videos provided on a DVD. In addition to an in-depth review of the most recent literature on real-time 3D echocardiography, this book represents an invaluable reference work for beginners and expert users of 3D echocardiography.
Author(s): Thomas Buck, Andreas Franke, Mark J. Monaghan
Edition: 1st Edition.
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2011
Language: English
Pages: 289
Tags: Медицинские дисциплины;Клинические методы диагностики, лабораторная диагностика;Ультразвуковая диагностика;
Cover......Page 1
Three-dimensional
Echocardiography......Page 4
ISBN-13 9783642111785......Page 5
About the editors......Page 6
Table of contents......Page 8
List of authors......Page 12
List of figures and videos......Page 14
1 Introduction......Page 18
2.1
Reconstruction techniques......Page 20
2.1.1 The linear scanning approach......Page 21
2.1.3
The rotational scanning approach......Page 23
2.2
Volumetric real-time (high-speed) scanning......Page 27
2.3
The future is based on the past......Page 34
References......Page 35
3.1.1
It’s all about the transmit beams......Page 38
3.1.3
Fully sampled matrix array transducers......Page 41
3.1.4
Parallel receive beam processing......Page 43
3.2
The probes......Page 44
3.3.2
Three-dimensional acquisition (modes and image settings)......Page 46
Live 3D mode......Page 47
Full volume mode......Page 49
3.3.3
Standard 3D views......Page 51
3.4.1
First steps of 3D dataset cropping......Page 57
3.6.1
Stitching artifacts......Page 65
3.6.2
Dropout artifacts......Page 66
3.6.3
Blurring and blooming a rtifacts......Page 67
3.6.4
Gain artifacts......Page 68
References......Page 70
4 Left ventricular function......Page 72
4.1
Assessment of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction......Page 73
4.2
Evaluation of left ventricular mass......Page 76
4.3
Assessment of regional left ventricular function......Page 79
4.5
Parametric imaging......Page 82
4.6
Transesophageal real-time 3D echocardiography......Page 84
4.7
Three-dimensional assessment of left atrial volume and function......Page 85
References......Page 87
5.1
Method......Page 90
5.2
Clinical studies on 3D stress echocardiography......Page 96
References......Page 97
6.1.2
Measures of intraventricular dyssynchrony......Page 100
6.1.3
Performing 3D analyses......Page 103
6.1.4
Measurement variability......Page 108
6.2
Normal values......Page 109
6.3.1
Relationship between left ventricular function and dyssynchrony......Page 110
6.3.3
SDI as a predictor of outcome of cardiac resynchronisation therapy......Page 112
6.4
Dyssynchrony due to right ventricular pacing......Page 113
6.5.3
After acute myocardial infarction......Page 114
6.7
Conclusion......Page 115
References......Page 116
7 The right ventricle......Page 118
7.1
Assessment of right ventricular volumes and function......Page 121
References......Page 124
8.1.1
E valuation of mitral valve insufficiency......Page 126
8.1.2
Classification of mitral valve insufficiency......Page 128
8.1.3
Mitral valve prolapse, flail and Barlow’s disease......Page 129
8.1.4
Mitral valve quantification......Page 133
8.1.5
Papillary muscle rupture......Page 138
8.1.6
Functional mitral regurgitation......Page 139
8.1.7
Endocarditis......Page 142
8.1.8
Mitral valve prosthesis......Page 143
8.1.9
Mitral valve repair......Page 145
8.1.10
Rare etiologies......Page 149
8.1.11
Assessment of severity of mitral regurgitation......Page 150
8.2
Aortic regurgitation......Page 160
8.2
Right-sided heart valves......Page 166
References......Page 168
Functional assessment of mitral stenosis......Page 0
9.1.2 Functional assessment of mitral stenosis......Page 172
9.2.1
Morphological assessment of aortic stenosis......Page 179
9.2.2
Functional assessment of aortic stenosis......Page 181
9.4
Evaluation of prosthetic and reconstructed valves......Page 188
References......Page 189
10 Three-dimensional echocardiography in adult congenital heart disease......Page 192
10.2
Atrial septal defect......Page 194
10.3
Ventricular septal defect......Page 199
10.4
Atrioventricular septal defects......Page 201
10.5
E bstein’s anomaly......Page 204
10.6
T ransposition of the great arteries......Page 206
10.7
Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries......Page 208
10.10.1
Acquisition......Page 210
10.11 Conclusion......Page 213
References......Page 215
11.1
Technical and patient-specific factors......Page 218
11.3
Presentation of 3D echocardiographic images......Page 219
11.4.2
Atrial septal defects......Page 220
11.4.3
Ventricular septal defects......Page 221
11.4.8
Atrioventricular junction......Page 225
11.4.9
Complex anatomy......Page 229
11.5.2
Three-dimensional imaging during surgery......Page 231
11.6.2
The right ventricle......Page 234
References......Page 236
12.1.1
Cardiac and vascular thrombi, spontaneous echo contrast......Page 240
12.1.2
P atent foramen ovale......Page 243
12.1.3
Infective endocarditis......Page 248
Myxoma......Page 250
Rhabdomyoma......Page 252
12.3
Secondary cardiac tumors and metastases......Page 253
References......Page 256
13.2
Intraoperative monitoring and guiding......Page 258
13.3.1
Transcatheter closure of PFO and ASD......Page 261
11.3.3
Percutaneous aortic valve implantation......Page 265
Percutaneous edge-to-edge mitral valve repair......Page 266
13.3.5
Left atrial appendage occluder implantation......Page 273
13.3.6
Percutaneous occluder implantation for paravalvular leaks......Page 275
13.3.7
Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty......Page 276
References......Page 280
Subject index......Page 284
