This book covers the inexorable exhaustion of the IPv4 address space, the interim fix to this based on Network Address Translation (NAT) and Private Addresses, and the differences between IPv4 and IPv6. It will help you understand the limitations and problems introduced by the use of NAT and introduce you to the far simpler network and software designs possible, using a larger, unified address space. IPv6, a mature and viable replacement for IPv4, is currently used by more than 36% of all global Internet traffic. Wireless telephone service providers in many countries have migrated their networks to IPv6 with great success. The elimination of NAT and Private Addresses has vastly simplified network design and implementation. Further, there are now enough public addresses allocated to accommodate all anticipated uses for the foreseeable future. Most networking products and software, especially open-source software, are already fully IPv6 compliant. Today, no business should purchase obsolete products that support only IPv4. The global IPv6 Forum estimates that there are millions of networking professionals still needing to learn the fundamentals of IPv6 technologies to move forward. This book is for them. With plans in place for a shutdown of IPv4 on global networks (“Sunset IPv4”) the time to learn is now. If you want a job in IT, especially network hardware or software, and you don’t know IPv6, you are already obsolete.
Author(s): Lawrence E. Hughes
Edition: 1
Publisher: Apress Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Commentary: TruePDF
Pages: 428
Tags: Computer Networks; Wireless And Mobile Communication; Computer Communication Networks
Table of Contents
About the Author
About the Technical Reviewer
Acknowledgments
Foreword
Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction
History of This Work and the Term “Third Internet”
Why IPv6 Is Important
Wait. How Can the Internet Grow to 75 Billion Nodes?
Why Was 2011 a Significant Year for the Second Internet?
An Analogy: The Amazing Growing Telephone Number
So Just What Is It That We Are Running Out Of?
But You Said There Were 4.3 Billion IPv4 Addresses?
Is IPv6 Just an Asian Thing?
So Exactly What Is This “Third Internet”?
Is It the Next-Generation Network (NGN) That Telcos Talk About?
Is It Internet2 or National LambdaRail?
Is It Web 2.0?
Hypertext, WAIS/SGML, and Gopher
HTML and HTTP
Web 2.0
Whatever Happened to IPv5?
Let’s Eliminate the Middleman
Why Am I the One Writing This Book? Just Who Do I Think I Am, Anyway?
Summary
Chapter 2: History of Computer Networks Up to IPv4
Real Computer Networking
Ethernet and Token Ring
Network Software
The Beginnings of the Internet (ARPANET)
UNIX
Open System Interconnection (OSI)
Email Standardization
Evolution of the World Wide Web
And That Brings Us Up to Today
Summary and a Look Ahead
Chapter 3: Review of IPv4
Network Hardware
RFCs: The Internet Standards Process
IPv4
Four-Layer (“DoD”) IPv4 Architectural Model
IPv4: The Internet Protocol, Version 4
Relevant Standards for IPv4
IPv4 Packet Header Structure
IPv4 Addressing Model
Network Ports
IPv4 Subnetting
MAC Addresses
Mapping from IPv4 Addresses to Link Layer Addresses
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
Inverse ARP (InARP)
Types of IPv4 Packet Transmissions
IPv4 Broadcast
IPv4 Multicast
Relevant Standards for IPv4 Multicast
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM)
ICMPv4: Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv4
IPv4 Routing
Relevant Standard for IPv4 Routing
Network Address Translation (NAT)
Relevant Standard for IPv4 NAT
Connection Without NAT (Inside the LAN)
Connection Through Hide-Mode NAT
BINAT (One-to-One NAT)
Ramifications of Using NAT
Basic IPv4 Routing
TCP: The Transmission Control Protocol
Standards Relevant to TCP
TCP Packet Header
UDP: The User Datagram Protocol
Standards Relevant to UDP
UDP Packet Header
DHCPv4: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv4
The DHCPv4
Useful Commands Related to DHCPv4
IPv4 Network Configuration
Manual Network Configuration
Auto Network Configuration Using DHCPv4
Summary
Chapter 4: The Depletion of the IPv4 Address Space
OECD IPv6 Report, March 2008
OECD Follow-Up Report on IPv6, April 2010
OECD Second Follow-Up Report on IPv6, November 2014
How IPv4 Addresses Were Allocated in the Early Days
Original “Classful” Allocation Blocks
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
Problems Introduced by Customer Premises Equipment NAT (CPE NAT)
Implementing NAT at the Carrier: Carrier-Grade NAT (CGN)
Summary
Chapter 5: IPv6 Deployment Progress
Google Statistics
Predictions for Future Years
Summary
Chapter 6: IPv6 Core Protocols
Network Hardware
RFCs: A Whole Raft of New Standards for IPv6
IPv6
Four-Layer IPv6 Architectural Model
Link Layer Issues with IPv6
IPv6: The Internet Protocol, Version 6
IPv6 Packet Header Structure
IPv6 Addressing Model
IPv6 Packet Transmission Types
IPv6 Address Scopes
IPv6 Address Types
Automatically Generated Interface Identifiers Based on EUI-64
Randomized Interface Identifiers
IPv6 Address Allocation
Subnetting in IPv6
Link Layer Addresses
Neighbor Discovery (ND) Protocol
Router Discovery
Address Resolution (Mapping IPv6 Addresses to MAC Addresses)
Prefix Discovery
Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)
Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)
Next-Hop Determination
Neighbor Unreachability Detection (NUD)
Redirect
SEcure Network Discovery (SEND)
Types of IPv6 Packet Transmission
IPv6 Broadcast
IPv6 Multicast
ICMPv6: Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv6
IPv6 Routing
Network Address Translation
TCP: The Transmission Control Protocol in IPv6
TCP Packet Header
UDP: The User Datagram Protocol in IPv6
DHCPv6: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6
Relevant RFCs for DHCPv6
The DHCPv6
Useful Commands Related to DHCPv6
IPv6 Network Configuration
Manual Network Configuration for IPv6-Only
Auto Network Configuration Using Manually Specified (Static) IPv6 Address
Summary
Chapter 7: IPsec and IKEv2
Internet Protocol Layer Security (IPsec)
Relevant Standards for IPsec
Security Association, Security Association Database, and Security Parameter Index
IPsec Transport Mode and IPsec Tunnel Mode
IPsec over IPv6
IPsec in Multicast Networks
Using IPsec to Secure L2TP Connections
Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
Internet Key Exchange Version 2 (IKEv2)
Kerberized Internet Negotiation of Keys: KINK
Summary
Chapter 8: Transition Mechanisms
Relevant Standards for Transition Mechanisms
Transition Mechanisms
Co-existence (Dual Stack and Dual-Stack Lite)
Tunneling
Translation
Proxies (Application Layer Gateways)
Dual Stack
Tunneling
6in4 Tunneling
6over4 Tunneling
6to4 Tunneling
Teredo
6rd: IPv6 Rapid Deployment
Intra-site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP)
Softwires (Includes Dual-Stack Lite, MAP-E, MAP-T, and 4in6)
Relevant Standards for Softwires
Dual-Stack Lite
PET (Prefixing, Encapsulation, and Translation)
Translation
NAT64/DNS64
IVI
Preferred Network Implementation Going Forward: IPv6-Only
Supporting IPv6 for Developers at Sixscape
Summary
Chapter 9: IPv6 on Mobile Devices
Android
iPhone
What Are the Implications of This?
Decentralized Messaging
Summary
Chapter 10: DNS
How DNS Evolved
Host Files
Network Information Service (NIS)
DNS Was Invented
Domain Names
Top-Level Domain Names
Internationalized Domain Names
NS Resolver
DNS Server Configuration
DNS Protocol
DNS Resource Records
DNS Servers and Zones
Different Types of DNS Servers
Authoritative DNS Servers
Caching-Only Servers
Client Access to DNS
Recursive DNS Queries
The Root DNS Servers
MX and SRV Resource Records
ENUM
DNSSEC (Secure DNS)
Summary
Chapter 11: The Future of Messaging with No NAT
Private IPv4 Addresses
Public IPv4 Addresses
Network Address Translation
NAT Gateways Can Run Out of Port Numbers
The Need for Centralized Servers in the IPv4+NAT Internet
Carrier-Grade NAT (NAT444)
Centralization on the IPv4 Internet
But Doesn’t NAT “Protect” My Network?
NAT Traversal: How Skype Fakes Incoming Connections
What if Everyone Had Public Addresses?
IPv6: The NAT-Less Internet
VoIP and IPv6
Skype
WhatsApp
Email over IPv6
The Future of Messaging on the Third Internet
5G: The Grand Convergence of the Internet and Telephony
Summary
Chapter 12: IPv6-Related Organizations
Internet Governance Bodies
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)
American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN): www.arin.net
Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC): www.ripe.net
Asia Pacific Network Information Center (APNIC): www.apnic.net
Latin American and Caribbean Network Information Center (LACNIC): www.lacnic.net
Africa Region (AfriNIC): www.afrinic.net
The Number Resource Organization (NRO): www.nro.net
Internet Architecture Board (IAB): www.iab.org
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): www.ietf.org
Internet Research Task Force (IRTF): www.irtf.org
Internet Society (ISOC): www.isoc.org
IPv6 Forum Groups
Local IPv6 Forum Chapters
IPv6 Ready Logo Program
IPv6-Ready Product Testing and Certification
IPv6-Enabled ISP and Website Certification
Informal IPv6 Network Administration Certification
WIDE Project, Japan
Summary
Chapter 13: IPv6 Projects
Accompanying Website
Hurricane Electric IPv6 Certification
SixConf
Conclusion
Index
