Thermoset nanocomposites are complex hybrid materials which integrate nanoparticles with polymers to produce a novel nanostructure, with extraordinary properties. Organic/inorganic hybrids are some of the most challenging nanostructures investigated to date. What differentiates nanocomposite materials from classical composites is the degree of control of fabrication, processing and performance, that can be achieved down to a very small scale. Thermoset polymer nanocomposites have received less interest in their scientific development and engineering applications than thermoplastic nanocomposites. However, some of these materials may be relatively easy to bring into production. The understanding of characteristics of the interphase region and the estimation of technology-structure-property relationships are the current research frontier in nanocomposite materials. This book summarises the experimental results of work on thermoset nanocomposites obtained from the collaboration of three research groups from Bulgaria, Greece and Italy, and analyses some of results reported in the literature. The engineering resin nanocomposites are restricted to the most commonly used thermosets, such as epoxy resins, unsaturated polyesters, acrylic resins, and so on. Various nanoparticles have been found to be useful for nanocomposite preparation with thermosetting polymers, along with smectite clay, diamond, graphite, alumina and ferroxides. Thermoset nanocomposites represent a new technology solution. These new formulations benefit from improved dimensional/thermal stability, flame retardancy and chemical resistance; and have potential applications in marine, industrial and construction markets. This book helps to answer questions related to the design of nanocomposites by controlling the processing technology and structure. The book is addressed not only to researchers and engineers who actively work in the broad field of nanocomposite technology, but also to newcomers and students who have just started investigations in this multidisciplinary field of material science.
Author(s): Kotsilkova, Rumiana
Edition: 0
Publisher: iSmithers Rapra Publishing
Year: 2010-02-09
Language: English
Pages: 346
Tags: Специальные дисциплины;Наноматериалы и нанотехнологии;Наноматериаловедение;Нанокомпозиты;
Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 11
Contributors......Page 15
1.1 Why Nanocomposites?......Page 19
1.2 Structure Formation in Filled Polymers......Page 21
1.3 Generation of Nanocomposite by Nanophase Dispersed in Polymer......Page 22
1.4 Thermoset Nanocomposite Technology......Page 25
1.4.1 In Situ Polymerisation......Page 26
1.4.2 Epoxy Resin Nanocomposites......Page 27
1.4.4 Thermoset Polyimide/Clay Nanocomposites......Page 28
1.4.6 Real Formulations and Problems......Page 29
2.1 Rheology of Polymer Nanocomposites – An Overview......Page 37
2.2 Effects of Polymer/Nanofi ller Structures......Page 41
2.3.1 Rheology as a Tool for Control of Nanocomposites......Page 43
2.3.2 Control of the Degree of Nanofiller Dispersion......Page 45
2.3.3 Characterisation of the Superstructure of Nanocomposites......Page 52
2.3.4 Effects of Nanofi ller on Relaxation Behaviour......Page 67
2.3.5 Summary......Page 72
2.4.1 Preparation and Characterisation of Nanofiller/Resin Hybrids......Page 73
2.4.2 Rheological Control of Smectite/Epoxy Hybrids......Page 76
2.4.3 Rheological Control of Hybrids with Carbon Nanofillers......Page 83
2.4.4 Rheological Control of Hybrids with Nanoscale Alumina......Page 93
2.5.1 Structure–Property Relationships......Page 97
2.5.2 Prognostic Design in Relation to Percolation Mechanism......Page 99
3.1 Fundamental Principles of Thermoset Nanocomposite Formation......Page 111
3.1.1 The Role of Curing Agent and Organic Modifier......Page 112
3.1.2 Kinetics of Formation of Smectite/Epoxy Nanocomposites......Page 115
3.1.3 Effects of Solvent......Page 120
3.2 Cooperative Motion at the Glass Transition Affected by Nanofiller......Page 123
3.2.1 Smectite/Epoxy Nanocomposites......Page 125
3.2.2 Graphite- and Diamond-Containing Epoxy Nanocomposites......Page 127
3.3 Conclusions......Page 129
4.1 Introduction......Page 135
4.2 General Outline......Page 136
4.3 Epoxy Nanocomposites with Clay, Carbon and Diamond......Page 139
4.5.1 Structural and Morphological Analysis......Page 141
4.6.2 Results......Page 142
4.7.1 Preparation......Page 144
4.7.2 Results......Page 148
4.8.2 Structure and Morphology......Page 150
4.8.3 Thermal Analysis......Page 154
4.8.4 Analysis of Flammability and Tensile Properties......Page 155
4.9 Conclusion......Page 156
5.1 Introduction......Page 161
5.2.1 Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy......Page 163
5.2.3 Impedance Spectroscopy and Ionic Conductivity Measurements......Page 167
5.3.1 Epoxy Resin/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites......Page 170
5.3.2 Epoxy Resin Reinforced With Diamond and Magnetic Nanoparticles......Page 177
5.3.3 Epoxy Resin/Carbon Nanocomposites......Page 180
5.3.4 Polyimide/Silica Nanocomposites......Page 182
5.4.1 Epoxy Resin Reinforced With Diamond and Magnetic Nanoparticles......Page 184
5.4.2 Epoxy Resin/Carbon Nanocomposites......Page 186
5.4.3 Polyimide/Silica Nanocomposites......Page 188
5.5 Primary Relaxation and Glass Transition......Page 191
5.5.2 Epoxy Resin Reinforced With Diamond and Magnetic Nanoparticles......Page 193
5.5.3 Epoxy Resin/Carbon Nanocomposites......Page 197
5.5.4 Polydimethylsiloxane /Silica Nanocomposites......Page 199
5.6.1 Epoxy Resin/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites......Page 204
5.6.2 Epoxy Resin Reinforced With Diamond and Magnetic Nanoparticles......Page 212
5.6.3 Epoxy Resin/Carbon Nanocomposites......Page 214
5.7 Conclusions......Page 217
6.1 Mechanical Properties......Page 225
6.1.1 Viscoelastic Properties – Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis......Page 226
6.1.2 Stiffness, Toughness and Elasticity......Page 240
6.1.3 Tensile Properties......Page 241
6.1.4 Flexural Properties of Clay-Containing Thermoset Nanocomposites......Page 245
6.1.5 Flexural Properties of Thermosets Incorporating Nanoparticles......Page 250
6.1.6 Impact Properties......Page 252
6.1.7 Reinforcement in Relation to Percolation Mechanism......Page 255
6.2.1 Enhanced Thermal Stability......Page 259
6.2.2 Flammability Resistance......Page 267
6.2.3 Shrinkage Control and Formability......Page 269
6.2.4 Thermal Conductivity......Page 271
6.3.1 Wear Resistance......Page 273
6.3.2 Permeability Control......Page 279
6.3.3 Water, Solvent and Corrosion Resistance......Page 282
7.1 Introduction......Page 297
7.2.1 Experimental......Page 299
7.2.2 Rheological Optimisation of Dispersions......Page 300
7.2.3 Electrical Conductivity of Crosslinked Nanocomposites......Page 306
7.2.4 Microwave Absorption......Page 310
7.2.5 Correlation of Rheological and Physical Characteristics......Page 313
7.3 Nanoscale Binary Fillers of Carbon and Ferroxides in Thermosetting Polymers......Page 315
7.3.1 Materials Characterisation......Page 316
7.3.2 Packing Density of Dispersions......Page 317
7.3.3 Effect of Polydispersity on Rheology of Binary Dispersions......Page 318
7.3.4 Effect of Ferromagnetic Fillers on Polymeric Structure......Page 323
7.3.5 Synergy of Properties......Page 325
Abbreviations......Page 333
Index......Page 337
