Thermodynamics: Second Law Analysis

Title Page......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
ACS Symposium Series......Page 5
FOREWORD......Page 6
PdftkEmptyString......Page 0
PREFACE......Page 7
Thermodynamics - Its Basic Implications......Page 9
The Roles of Thermodynamics......Page 18
Literature Cited......Page 19
2 Second Law Procedures for Evaluating Processes......Page 20
The Role of Second Law Analysis......Page 21
Tools Used in Second Law Analysis......Page 23
Second Law Efficiency--The True Efficiency......Page 26
The Methodology of Available Energy Analyses......Page 27
Closure......Page 39
Subscripts and Superscripts......Page 41
Literature Cited......Page 42
3 Calculation of Available-Energy Quantities......Page 43
Ideal Gas Mixtures......Page 44
Corrections for Real-Gas Mixtures......Page 49
Some Special Gas Mixtures......Page 50
Chemical Availability of Hydrocarbon Fuels......Page 52
Availability of Coals, Chars and Ashes......Page 57
Availability of Tars......Page 59
Subscripts......Page 61
Literature Cited......Page 62
The Measure of Efficiency......Page 64
Illustrative Examples......Page 67
Appendix......Page 76
Literature Cited......Page 78
5 Reference Datums for Available Energy......Page 79
Theoretical Preliminaries......Page 80
The Selection of Reference Datums for Subsystem Available Energy.......Page 87
Closure.......Page 92
Literature Cited......Page 93
Energy and Available Energy Flow in the U.S.......Page 95
Energy Conversion and Utilization Performance......Page 100
Literature Cited......Page 106
Utility......Page 107
Transportation......Page 108
Literature Cited......Page 111
The Process......Page 112
Thermodynamics......Page 116
Results......Page 126
Editors Note:......Page 127
Literature Cited......Page 128
8 Benefit-Cost of Energy Conservation......Page 129
Rising Replacement Costs for New Energy Supplies......Page 131
Industrial Conservation - The Effective Use of Capital......Page 133
Payback Periods of Selected Conservation Measures......Page 135
Literature Cited......Page 140
9 Available-Energy Costing......Page 141
Available Energy......Page 142
Available Energy Accounting......Page 143
Conclusions......Page 155
Overline......Page 156
Literature Cited......Page 157
Results of Costing Co-generated Steam and Shaft Power......Page 158
The Economics of Feedwater Heater Replacement......Page 165
Economic Sizing of Steam Piping and Insulation......Page 172
List of Symbols......Page 181
Literature Cited......Page 182
11 Economic Selection of a Venturi Scrubber......Page 184
Application of Available Energy Methodology to Vendor Selection Problem......Page 185
Conclusions......Page 189
List of Symbols......Page 190
Literature Cited......Page 191
Oxygen Separation Process......Page 192
Editor's Note:......Page 199
13 A Thermodynamic Theory for Nonequilibrium Processes......Page 200
Foundations......Page 201
Governing Equations for a Simple Compressible Flow......Page 203
Governing Equations for a Simple Compressible Reactive Multiconstituent Flow (with Internal Constraints)......Page 211
Abstract......Page 220
Literature Cited......Page 221
Self Organization......Page 222
Onsager Reciprocity Relations (3)......Page 223
Stability of the Steady State in the Linear Region......Page 224
Stability Conditions (2)......Page 225
The Basic Equations......Page 227
The Tri-molecular Model......Page 229
Introduction......Page 231
The Anderson-Dayem Bridges (5)......Page 232
Oxide Barrier Josephson Junctions (7,8)......Page 234
Literature Cited......Page 238
15 Clarification and Obfuscation in Approaching the Laws of Thermodynamics......Page 239
General References......Page 250
16 The Laws of Thermodynamics: A Necessary Complement to Quantum Physics......Page 251
Statistical Thermodynamics......Page 252
Broad Quantum Uncertainties - A Hypothesis......Page 253
An Inconsistency of Statistical Thermodynamics......Page 254
The Unified Theory......Page 256
Postulate 4: Dynamical Postulate.......Page 259
Graphical Representations......Page 261
On the Meaning of State......Page 263
An Analogy from Probability Theory......Page 265
On Irreducible Dispersions......Page 266
Literature Cited......Page 267
17 The Information Theory Basis for Thermostatics: History and Recent Developments......Page 268
Literature Cited......Page 278
A......Page 280
B......Page 281
C......Page 282
E......Page 283
G......Page 285
J......Page 286
N......Page 287
P......Page 288
S......Page 289
T......Page 290
Z......Page 292