Thermal Physiology: A Worldwide History

Prologue
Foreword
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: A History of Thermal Physiology in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ire...
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Publication of Papers
1.3 Eighteenth Century
1.3.1 Reverend Edward Stone
1.3.2 John Hunter
1.3.3 Adair Crawford
1.3.4 James Currie
1.4 Nineteenth Century
1.4.1 Marshall Hall
1.4.2 William Hale White
1.4.3 Horace Middleton Vernon
1.4.4 Thomas Clifford Allbutt
1.4.5 Marcus Seymour Pembrey
1.5 Twentieth Century
1.5.1 Sutherland Simpson
1.5.2 J. M. O´Connor
1.5.3 John Bligh
1.5.4 Ainsley Iggo
1.5.5 Wilhelm Sigmund Feldberg
1.5.6 Richard Frederick Hellon
1.5.7 Brian Callingham
1.5.8 Keith E. Cooper
1.5.9 William Ian Cranston
1.5.10 Anthony Stuart Milton
1.5.11 Michael Dascombe
1.5.12 Jillian Davidson and Dino Rotondo
1.5.13 Edward W. Hillhouse
1.5.14 Laurence Edward Mount
1.5.15 John Lennox Monteith
1.5.16 Douglas L. Ingram
1.5.17 George W. Pickering
1.5.18 Otto Gustav Edholm
1.5.19 Joseph Sidney Weiner
1.5.20 Ronald Howard Fox
1.5.21 Reginald James Whitney
1.5.22 Ian C. Roddie
1.5.23 David McKie Kerslake
1.5.24 Kenneth John Collins
1.5.25 William R. Keatinge
1.5.26 Francis St. Clair Golden
1.5.27 Michael J. Tipton
1.5.28 Ronald J. Maughan
1.5.29 Significant Others
1.6 Conclusion
References and Recommended Readings
Chapter 2: Contributions of French Research to the Knowledge of Thermal Physiology from the Eighteenth to the Twenty-First Cen...
2.1 Introduction: Our Scientific Predecessors
2.1.1 The Eighteenth-Century Predecessors
2.1.2 The Nineteenth-Century Predecessors
2.1.3 The Twentieth Century
2.2 The Regulation of Body Temperature
2.2.1 Central Thermal Sensitivity
2.2.2 Peripheral Thermal Sensitivity
2.2.3 Modelling Thermal Regulatory Mechanisms
2.3 Heat Transfer and Physiological Responses to Thermal Stress
2.3.1 Heat Transfer
2.3.2 Heat Exposure
2.3.3 Cold Exposure
2.3.4 Dehydration-Rehydration Experiments
2.3.5 Sleeping in Hot and Cold Environments
2.3.5.1 Sleep Studies on Animals
2.3.5.2 Sleep Studies on Adult Humans
2.3.5.2.1 Cold Exposure
2.3.5.2.2 Heat Exposures
2.3.5.3 Sleep Studies on Human Neonates
2.4 Temperature Regulation During Fever
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: A History of Physiological Research on Temperature Regulation in Germany
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Seventy Years of Research on Temperature Regulation in Germany: The Founders
3.2.1 Rudolf Thauer (1906-1986)
3.2.2 Herbert Hensel (1920-1983)
3.2.3 Jürgen Aschoff (1913-1998)
3.2.4 Seventy Years of Research on Temperature Regulation in Germany: Accomplishments
3.3 Canonical Topics
3.3.1 Effectors of Homoeothermic Temperature Regulation: Primary and Secondary Functions
3.3.1.1 Autonomic Thermoregulatory Effectors
3.3.1.2 Thermoregulatory Behaviour
3.3.2 The Dogma of the Hypothalamus as the Foremost Deep-Body Temperature Sensor
3.3.3 In Search for Extracerebral Deep-Body Temperature Sensitivity
3.3.3.1 Head and Trunk Identified as Putative Sites of Deep-Body Cold Sensitivity
3.3.3.2 The Vertebral Canal: The First Site of Temperature Sensitivity Discovered in the Trunk
3.3.3.3 Shivering Induced by Vertebral Canal Cooling: Does It Indicate Cold Sensitivity?
3.3.4 How Are Thermosensory Inputs from POAH and Vertebral Canal Related to Each Other?
3.3.4.1 Equivalence of Thermosensory Inputs from Hypothalamus and Vertebral Canal in Mammals
3.3.4.2 Non-equivalence of POAH and Vertebral Canal Deep-Body Temperature Sensitivity in Birds
3.3.5 Central Nervous Control of Body Temperature: A Multiple-Input System?
3.3.5.1 Thermosensory Functions of Lower Brain-Stem Sections
3.3.5.2 Extra-Central Nervous Structures Involved in Deep-Body Temperature Sensitivity
3.3.5.3 Yes! Multiple Inputs Contribute to Central Nervous Control of Body Temperature
3.3.6 Multiple Controllers: Traits of an Evolutionary Process?
3.3.6.1 An Anecdotal Observation Invoking Cephalisation as an Ontogenetic Process
3.3.6.2 Thermoregulatory Functions of the Spinal Cord, a Segmentally-Organised Structure
3.3.6.3 Thermoregulatory Functions Residing in the Sub-Hypothalamic Brain Stem
3.3.6.4 A Hierarchically Organised Neuronal Network Controls Body Temperature
3.3.7 Specificity of Spinally Generated Effector Responses
3.3.7.1 Metabolic Heat Produced by Shivering
3.3.7.2 Thermoregulatory Adjustments of Skin Blood Flow
3.3.7.3 Thermal Panting
3.3.7.4 Thermal Sweating
3.3.8 Open-Loop Gain: a Quantifier of Thermosensory Inputs
3.3.8.1 Overall Open-Loop Gains
3.3.8.2 Open-Loop Gains of Mean Skin Temperature (Tskin mean)
3.3.8.3 Open-Loop Gains of Vertebral Canal Thermoreception
3.3.8.4 Open-Loop Gains of POAH (Thy)
3.3.8.5 The Hypothalamic High-/Low-Q10 Idea Revisited: A By-Product of Open-Loop Gain Research
3.3.9 Ontogeny of Temperature Regulation
3.3.9.1 Studies in Non-human Endotherms
3.3.9.2 Studies in Human Newborns
3.3.10 Electrophysiological Analysis of Neuronal Temperature Dependence
3.3.10.1 Peripheral Thermoreceptors
3.3.10.2 The Search for Deep-Body Temperature Sensors in the CNS
3.3.10.3 Neuronal Thermosensitivity in Deep Tissues Outside the CNS
3.3.10.4 In Search of Temperature Transduction Mechanisms: The Electrophysiological Approach
3.3.10.5 Cellular and Molecular Approaches
3.3.11 Central Nervous Processing of Temperature Signals: Neurophysiological Aspects
3.3.11.1 Afferent Processing of Temperature Signals from the Skin at the Spinal Level
3.3.11.2 Afferent Signal Processing at the Level of the Brain Stem
3.3.11.3 Hypothalamic Signal Generation and Processing: A Comparative and Statistical Approach
3.3.12 Fever, Inflammation, and Hyperthermia
3.3.12.1 Does Fever Shift the Thermoregulatory Set-Point?
3.3.12.2 Systemic Inflammation and Fever: Structural and Molecular Analysis
3.3.12.3 Central Pyresis/Antipyresis: A Multi-redundant Interaction of Inter-neuronal Messengers
3.3.12.4 Are There Fevers in which Temperature Increases Precede Central Cytokine/PGE2 Actions?
3.3.12.5 Clinical Aspects of Fever: Risks and Benefits
3.3.12.6 Induced Hyperthermia as a Therapeutic Concept
3.4 Apocryphal Topics
3.4.1 Models of Temperature Regulation
3.4.2 Selective Brain Cooling: Facts and Fictions
3.4.2.1 Artiodactyls, a Homoeothermic Order with a Well-Developed Carotid Rete as a Heat Exchanger
3.4.2.2 Equidae, a Genus Without a Carotid Rete: What Does that Mean for SBC?
3.4.2.3 SBC in Smaller Domestic Animals: Does a Carotid Rete Play a Role?
3.4.2.4 SBC in Humans
3.4.3 Body Temperature: A Guiding Parameter of Biorhythmicity and Metabolism
3.4.3.1 Human Biorhythmicity
3.4.3.2 Avian Biorhythms
3.4.3.3 Metabolic Aspects of Mammalian Biorhythms
3.4.4 Adaptive Adjustments of Homoeothermic Thermoregulation: Special Aspects
3.4.4.1 Hibernation Versus Torpor as Modes of Natural Acclimatisation: Similarities and Differences
3.4.4.2 Induced Thermal Acclimation: Exposure of Humans to Extreme Conditions
3.4.4.3 Induced Thermal Acclimation: Adjustments to Cold Exposure of Experimental Animals
3.5 Concluding Remarks
References and Recommended Readings
Chapter 4: Not Only Winter, Not Only Cold: History of Thermal Physiology in Finland
4.1 The History of Thermal Physiology in Medicine: Helsinki, Turku and Tampere
4.1.1 Foundation of Universities in Finland
4.1.2 Bibliographic Sources
4.1.3 Thermal Physiology Topics
4.1.4 Studies during the Nineteenth Century
4.1.5 Human Thermal Physiology Research: 1900-1940
4.1.6 Oulu: A Centre of Thermal Physiology in Finland
4.1.6.1 Research on Brown Adipose Tissue
4.1.7 Seasonal Temperature Changes and Cardiovascular and Thyroid Physiology
4.2 Comparative Thermal Physiology in Finland
4.2.1 A Landmark of Finnish Thermal Physiology: Hedgehog Hibernation
4.2.2 Avian Thermal Physiology
4.2.3 Thermal Physiology at the University of Turku
4.2.4 Comparative Thermal Physiology: Oulu, Kuopio and Jyväskylä Universities
4.3 The Finnish Institute of Occupational Health
4.3.1 Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health
4.3.2 Physical Work Capacity Team
4.4 Conclusion: From Hedgehogs to Humans
References and Recommended Readings
Chapter 5: Thermal Physiology in the USA: A 100-Year History of the Science and Its Scientists (1880-1980)
5.1 The Founders of Physiology in the USA
5.1.1 Early American Physiology
5.1.2 Isaac Ott, the First American Thermal Physiologist
5.2 The Pioneers of American Thermal Physiology
5.2.1 Physiological Bioenergetics
5.2.1.1 Wilbur Olin Atwater (1844-1907)
5.2.1.2 Francis Gano Benedict (1870-1957)
5.2.1.3 Graham Lusk (1866-1932)
5.2.1.4 Eugene Floyd DuBois (1882-1959)
5.2.1.5 John Raymond Murlin (1874-1960)
5.2.1.6 Samuel Brody (1890-1956)
5.2.1.7 Louis Harry Newburgh (1883-1956)
5.2.2 The Neurophysiology of Body Temperature
5.2.2.1 Henry Cuthbert Bazett (1885-1950)
5.2.2.2 Henry Gray Barbour (1886-1943)
5.2.2.3 Stephen Walter Ranson (1880-1942)
5.2.2.4 Horace Winchell Magoun (1907-1991)
5.2.2.5 John Raymond Brobeck (1914-2009)
5.2.2.6 Archibald Philip Bard (1898-1977)
5.2.2.7 Allan Hemingway (1902-1972)
5.2.3 The Heart and Circulatory System in Temperature Regulation
5.2.3.1 Alrick Brynhjolf Hertzman (1898-1991)
5.2.3.2 Walter Clark Randall (1916-1993)
5.3 The Second-Generation Legends of Thermal Physiology, Our Scientific Grandfathers
5.3.1 The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory
5.3.1.1 David Bruce Dill (1891-1988)
5.3.1.2 John Harold Talbott (1902-1990)
5.3.2 Edward Frederick Adolf and the Rochester Desert Unit (New York)
5.3.3 The Arctic Studies of Charles Wilber
5.3.4 The Early Pierce Foundation (1924-1969) and Its Founding Scientists
5.3.4.1 Charles-Edward Amory Winslow (1877-1957)
5.3.4.2 Lovic Pierce Herrington (1906-1991)
5.4 WWII (1941-1945): Confronting the Extremes of Climate-From Theory to Practice
5.4.1 The Civilian Laboratories
5.4.2 The Military Laboratories
5.4.2.1 The US Armored Force Army Medical Research Laboratory (AFAMRL)
5.4.2.2 The US Army Air Forces Aero-Medical Laboratory (AAFAML)
5.4.2.3 The US Army Quartermaster Corps Climatic Research Laboratory (CRL)
5.5 The Post-war Boom: The (Third) Generation of Our Scientific Fathers and Their Progeny
5.5.1 Alumni of the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory
5.5.1.1 Sid Robinson (1902-1982)
5.5.1.2 Steven Michael Horvath (1911-2007)
5.5.1.3 Ancel Benjamin Keys (1904-2004)
5.5.1.4 Harwood (``Woody´´) Seymour Belding (1909-1973)
5.5.1.5 George Edgar Folk, Jr (1914-2017)
5.5.1.6 Frederick Sargent II (1920-1980)
5.5.1.7 Robert Eugene Johnson (1911-2002)
5.5.2 The Pupils and Colleagues of Edward F. Adolph
5.5.2.1 George W. Molnar (1914-1993)
5.5.2.2 Melvin James Fregly (1925-1996)
5.5.2.3 Robert Winslow Bullard (1929-1971)
5.5.2.4 Pat F. Iampietro (1925-Present)
5.5.2.5 Suk Ki Hong (1928-1999)
5.5.2.6 Jack Aaron Boulant (1946-Present)
5.5.3 The (New) John B. Pierce Foundation Laboratory (``The Pierce´´)
5.5.3.1 James Daniel Hardy (1904-1985)
5.5.3.2 Adolf Pharo Gagge (1908-1993)
5.5.3.3 Harold Theodor (``Ted´´) Hammel (1921-2005)
5.5.3.4 Johannes (Jan) Adrianus Jozef Stolwijk (1927-2021)
5.5.3.5 Ethan Richard Nadel (1941-1998)
5.5.3.6 John Thomas Stitt (1942-Present)
5.5.3.7 Eleanor Reed Adair (Nee: Eleanor Campbell Reed; 1926-2013)
5.5.4 Post-war Military Laboratories
5.5.4.1 US Army: (Armored Force) Army Medical Research Laboratory (AFAMRL)
5.5.4.2 US Army: Climatic Research Laboratory (CRL) and the Environmental Protection Research Division (EPRD)
5.5.4.3 US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM)
5.5.4.4 US Navy: Arctic Research Laboratory at Point Narrow (NARL)
5.5.4.5 US Air Force: Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory (AAL)
5.5.4.6 Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI)
5.5.4.7 US Air Force: School of Aerospace Medicine (USAFSAM)
5.5.5 Post-war Expansion of Government Civilian Laboratories
5.5.5.1 US Department of Health Services: USPHS
5.5.5.2 NASA: Ames Laboratory for Human Environmental Physiology
5.5.6 The Expansion of Academic Laboratories
5.5.6.1 University of Minnesota
5.5.6.2 Pennsylvania State University
5.5.6.3 The University of Washington, Seattle
5.5.6.4 University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
5.5.6.5 Portland State University
5.5.6.6 University of California, Davis
5.5.6.7 Scripps Institute of Oceanography (University of California, San Diego)
5.5.6.8 University of California, Riverside
5.5.6.9 University of California, Los Angeles
5.5.6.10 University of Alaska, Institute of Arctic Biology (IAB)
5.5.6.11 St. Louis University
5.5.6.12 University of Michigan
5.5.6.13 Cornell University
5.5.6.14 University of Tennessee
5.5.6.15 University of Iowa
5.5.6.16 University of Delaware
5.5.6.17 University of Pennsylvania
5.5.6.18 Duke University
5.5.6.19 Charles Richard Taylor (1939-1995)
5.6 Personal Conclusions (Suzanne Schneider)
References and Recommended Readings
Chapter 6: Contributions from a Land Down Under: The Arid Continent
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Human Physiologists
6.2.1 Anton Breinl (1880-1944) and Raphael W. ``Ray´´ Cilento (1893-1985)
6.2.1.1 Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine
6.2.2 C. Stanton Hicks (1892-1976)
6.2.2.1 Metabolic Habituation in the Australian Aborigine
6.2.3 Douglas H. K. Lee (1905-2005)
6.2.3.1 Occupational Health and Physiology in the Heat
6.2.4 John R. Sutton (1941-1996)
6.2.4.1 Exertional Heat Illness in Recreational Runners
6.2.5 J. Robert ``Bob´´ S. Hales (1943-2009)
6.2.5.1 Cutaneous Blood Flow, Heat Illness, and Adaptation
6.3 The Animal Physiologists
6.3.1 Charles J. Martin (1866-1955)
6.3.1.1 Homeothermy in Monotremes and Marsupials
6.3.2 Terence ``Terry´´ J. Dawson (1938-Present)
6.3.2.1 The Thermal Physiology of Australian Mammals and Birds
6.3.3 George Alexander
6.3.3.1 The Thermal Physiology of the Domesticated Species
6.3.4 Geoffrey ``Geoff´´ M.H. Waites (1928-2005)
6.3.4.1 Temperature and Testicular Function
6.3.5 Marshall J. Edwards (1928-2012)
6.3.6 William ``Bill´´ W. Blessing (1945-Present)
6.3.6.1 Temperature Changes During Environmental Interactions
6.4 Adaptation in an Australian Climatic Context
6.4.1 T. Griffith ``Grif´´ Taylor (1880-1963)
6.4.1.1 Climatic Determinism
6.4.2 Adaptation of the Built Environment
6.4.2.1 R.K. Macpherson
6.4.2.2 Andris Auliciems (1938-Present)
6.4.2.3 Richard J. de Dear (1957-Present)
6.5 Concluding Remarks
References and Recommended Readings
Chapter 7: History of Thermal Physiology in Denmark
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Roots
7.3 Thermal Physiology: The Early Years
7.4 The Indoor Climate: 1930s and 1940s
7.5 Thermal Physiology: 1950s and 1960s
7.6 Guests at the Laboratory for the Theory of Gymnastics
7.7 The August Krogh Institute
7.8 Indoor Climate and Thermal Comfort
7.9 Climatic Chambers
7.10 New Research Techniques
7.11 Visitors to the August Krogh Institute
7.12 The Hot Brain
7.13 Cerebral Circulation
7.14 How Hot Is the Brain?
7.15 Congresses and Symposia
References and Recommended Readings
Chapter 8: South African Thermal Physiology: Highlights from the Twentieth Century
8.1 South Africa and Its Thermal Physiology in the Twentieth Century
8.2 Thermal Physiology of Livestock: Gertrud Riemerschmid, Jan Bonsma, and Others
8.3 Physiology of Human Heat Stress: South African Contributions in the Twentieth Century
8.3.1 Thermal Physiology of Deep-Level Mining: Cyril Wyndham and His Team
8.3.2 Heat Illness; Miners, Runners, and South African Contributions to Its Pathophysiology
8.4 South African Contributions to Peripartum Thermal Physiology: Biologging, Foetal Temperature, and Fever around Birth
8.5 Selected South African Contributions to Comparative Thermal Physiology
8.5.1 Unusual Thermal Physiology of Chthonic Mammals: Bathyergid Mole-Rats, Golden Moles, and Poikilothermic Endotherms
8.5.2 Unusual Thermal Physiology of South African Birds: Biologging, Penguins Too Hot to Swim, and Thermoregulation of the Wor...
8.5.3 ``Field Research on Big Game´´: Clinical Thermometers, Biologging, Selective Brain Cooling, and Heterothermy
8.6 Concluding Remarks
References and Recommended Readings
Chapter 9: Japanese Contributions to the Development of Knowledge of Thermal Physiology in the 20th Century
9.1 Yas Kuno (1882-1976): The Founder of Thermal Physiology in Japan
9.2 Contributions of Kuno´s Pupils (First Generation) and Their Contemporaries
9.3 Contributions of the Second Generation After Kuno
9.4 Contributions of the Third Generation After Kuno
9.5 Contributions of the Fourth Generation After Kuno
References and Recommended Readings
Chapter 10: Thermoregulatory Studies in Hungary: Historical Background
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Historical Background
10.3 Methodological Developments
10.4 The Research Programme
10.5 Personnel
10.6 Conclusion
References and Recommended Readings
Chapter 11: The History of Thermal Physiology in Israel
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Thermoregulation in Israel: Research Disciplines
11.3 Comparative Physiology
11.3.1 Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century: Expeditions and Early Systematic Research
11.3.2 The Founders
11.3.3 Thermal Adaptations in Large Mammals
11.3.4 New Research Disciplines in Environmental/Thermal Physiology
11.4 ``On Call´´: To Conquer the Desert
11.5 A Link Between Integrative Physiology and Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Thermal Adaptation
11.6 Is Water-Rationing Required?
11.6.1 The Heller Institute
11.7 Thermal Control Centres
11.8 The Heritage of Environmental Physiology
11.9 Thermal Physiology in Applied Sciences
11.9.1 Agriculture
11.9.2 Desert Architecture: Architecture at the Extremes
11.10 Concluding Remarks
References and Recommended Readings
Chapter 12: The History of Thermal Physiology in Norway
12.1 Introduction
12.2 University of Oslo
12.2.1 Medical Physiology
12.2.2 Zoophysiology (Animal Physiology)
12.3 University of Bergen
12.4 University of Trondheim (Norwegian University of Science and Technology)
12.5 University of Tromsø (Now UiT: The Arctic University of Norway)
References and Recommended Readings
Chapter 13: Development of Research on the Thermoregulatory System in Russia
References and Recommended Readings
Chapter 14: Contributions from the Land of the Maple Leaf: Canada
14.1 The Human Domain
14.2 Defence Research Within the Human Domain
14.3 The Domain of Other Mammals
14.4 Concluding Remarks
References and Recommended Readings
Index