The problems involved in designing optimal infrared (IR) measuring systems under given conditions are commensurately complex. The optical set-up and radiation conditions, the interaction between sensor and irradiation and the sensor itself, determine the operation of the sensor system. Simple calculations for solving these problems without any understanding of the causal relationships are not possible.Thermal Infrared Sensors offers a concise explanation of the basic physical and photometric fundamentals needed for the consideration of these interactions. It depicts the basics of thermal IR sensor systems and explains the manifold causal relationships between the most important effects and influences, describing the relationships between sensor parameters such as thermal and special resolution, and application conditions.This book covers:various types of thermal sensors, like thermoelectric sensor, pyroelectric sensors, microbolometers, micro-Golay cells and bimorphous sensors;basic applications for thermal sensors;noise - a limiting factor for thermal resolution and detectivity - including an outline of the mathematics and noise sources in thermal infrared sensors;the properties of IR sensor systems in conjunction with the measurement environment and application conditions;60 examples showing calculations of real problems with real numbers, as they occur in many practical applications.This is an essential reference for practicing design and optical engineers and users of infrared sensors and infrared cameras. With this book they will be able to transform the demonstrated solutions to their own problems, find ways to match their commercial IR sensors and cameras to their measurement conditions, and to tailor and optimise sensors and set-ups to particular IR measurement problems. The basic knowledge outlined in this book will give advanced undergraduate and graduate students a thorough grounding in this technology.
Author(s): Helmut Budzier, Gerald Gerlach
Edition: 1
Publisher: John Wiley and Sons
Year: 2011
Language: English
Pages: 326
Tags: Приборостроение;Оптоэлектроника;
Title......Page 5
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 13
List of Examples......Page 15
List of Symbols......Page 17
Indices......Page 21
Abbreviations......Page 23
1.1.1 Technical Applications......Page 25
1.1.2 Classification of Infrared Radiation......Page 27
1.2 Historical Development......Page 29
1.4 Comparison of Thermal and Photonic Infrared Sensors......Page 31
1.5 Temperature and Spatial Resolution of Infrared Sensors......Page 36
1.6 Single-Element Sensors Versus Array Sensors......Page 37
References......Page 38
2.1.1 Propagation of Radiation......Page 39
2.1.2 Propagation in Lossy Media......Page 42
2.1.3 Fields at Interfaces......Page 45
2.1.4 Transmission Through Thin Dielectric Layers......Page 46
2.2.1 Radiation-Field-Related Variables......Page 51
2.2.3 Receiver-Related Variables......Page 52
2.2.4 Spectral Variables......Page 53
2.2.5 Absorption, Reflection and Transmission......Page 54
2.2.6 Emissivity......Page 56
2.3 Radiation Laws......Page 57
References......Page 63
3.1.1 Definition......Page 65
3.1.2 Solid Angle Calculations......Page 66
3.2.1 Definition......Page 73
3.2.2 Calculation Methods and Examples......Page 79
3.2.3 Numerical Solution of the Projected Solid Angle......Page 85
References......Page 89
4.1.1 Introduction......Page 91
4.1.2 Time Functions......Page 96
4.1.3 Probability Functions......Page 98
4.1.4 Correlation Functions......Page 103
4.1.5 Spectral Functions......Page 105
4.1.6 Noise Analysis of Electronic Circuits......Page 110
4.2.1 Thermal Noise and tan δ......Page 114
4.2.3 1/f Noise......Page 117
4.2.4 Radiation Noise......Page 120
4.2.5 Temperature Fluctuation Noise......Page 122
References......Page 126
5.1.1 Introduction......Page 127
5.1.2 Black Responsivity......Page 128
5.1.4 Signal Transfer Function......Page 132
5.1.5 Uniformity......Page 136
5.2 Noise-Equivalent Power NEP......Page 137
5.3 Detectivity......Page 139
5.4 Noise-Equivalent Temperature Difference......Page 141
5.5 Optical Parameters......Page 146
5.6 Modulation Transfer Function......Page 151
5.6.1 Definition......Page 152
5.6.2 Contrast......Page 156
5.6.3 Modulation Transfer Function of a Sensor......Page 157
5.6.4 Measuring the Modulation Transfer Function......Page 167
References......Page 172
6.1 Operating Principles......Page 173
6.2.1 Simple Thermal Model......Page 179
6.2.2 Thermal Layer Model......Page 188
6.3 Network Models for Thermal Sensors......Page 196
6.4.1 Principle......Page 200
6.4.2 Thermal Resolution......Page 207
6.4.3 Design of Thermoelectric Sensors......Page 210
6.5.1 Principle......Page 215
6.5.2 Thermal Resolution......Page 232
6.5.3 Design of Pyroelectric Sensors......Page 239
6.6.1 Principle......Page 243
6.6.2 Thermal Resolution......Page 245
6.6.3 Design of a Microbolometer Array......Page 251
6.6.4 Read-Out Electronics of Microbolometers......Page 254
6.7.1 Bimorphous Infrared Sensors......Page 260
6.7.2 Micro-GOLAY Cells......Page 266
6.8 Comparison of Thermal Sensors......Page 272
References......Page 274
7.1 General Considerations......Page 277
7.2 Pyrometry......Page 278
7.2.1 Design......Page 279
7.2.2 Emissivity of Real Emitters......Page 281
7.3 Thermal Imaging Cameras......Page 284
7.3.1 Design......Page 285
7.3.2 Calibration of Thermal Imaging Cameras......Page 290
7.4.1 Design......Page 294
7.4.2 Infrared Optics......Page 296
7.4.3 Signal Processing......Page 297
7.5.1 Radiation Absorption of Gases......Page 298
7.5.2 Design of an Infrared Spectrometer......Page 301
7.6 Gas Analysis......Page 305
References......Page 307
Appendix A: Constants......Page 309
Appendix B: PLANCK’s Law of Radiation and Derived Laws......Page 311
Appendix C: Calculation of the Solid Angle of a Rectangular Area......Page 319
Further Reading and Sources......Page 323
Index......Page 325
