This book provides a descriptive classification of the various concepts, giving characteristic performance data and design fundamentals. Systems based on sensible heat storage, latent heat storage and thermo-chemical processes are presented, including the state of maturity and innovative solutions. Essential for the effective integration of thermal storage systems is the optimal adaption to the specific requirements of an application. This is shown in the second part, where storage solutions for conventional and solar thermal power plants are described. Further examples show the integration into batch processes, mobile applications or options to support the utilization of waste heat. Systems using thermal energy storage for facility scale storage of electricity are also described.
Storage systems for medium and high temperatures are an emerging option to improve the energy efficiency of power plants and industrial facilities. Reflecting the wide area of applications in the temperature range from 100 °C to 1200 °C, a large number of storage concepts has been developed.
Author(s): Wolf-Dieter Steinmann
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 406
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
Abbreviations
Part I Concepts
1 Introduction
1.1 The Historical Development of Thermal Storage Systems for Medium and High Temperatures
1.2 Application Areas
1.3 Classification of Storage Concepts
1.4 Characterization and Assessment of Storage Systems
1.5 Economic Aspects
References
2 Liquid Storage Media
2.1 Candidate Storage Fluids
2.2 Concepts for Liquid Storage Media
2.3 Two Tank Storage Systems
2.3.1 Thermal Oil Systems
2.3.2 Molten Salt Systems
2.3.2.1 Test Facilities
2.3.2.2 Storage Systems in Commercial Facilities
2.3.2.3 Economic Assessment
2.4 Research and Development
2.5 Molten Salts as Liquid Storage Media
2.5.1 Thermophysical Properties
2.5.1.1 Specific Heat
2.5.1.2 Density
2.5.1.3 Thermal Conductivity
2.5.1.4 Dynamic Viscosity
2.5.2 Thermal Stability
2.5.3 Corrosion Behavior
2.5.4 Safety Aspects
2.5.5 Environmental Aspects
References
3 Solid Storage Media
3.1 Candidate Storage Materials
3.2 Concepts for Solid-State Storage Systems
3.3 Regenerator Type Storage Systems
3.3.1 Stacked Bricks
3.3.2 Packed Bed
3.3.3 Embedded Heat Exchanger
3.3.4 CellFlux
3.4 Active Storage Systems
3.5 Theoretical Analysis of Regenerator Type Solid Media Storage Systems
3.5.1 Physical Model
3.5.2 Governing Equations
3.5.3 Constitutive Equations
3.5.4 Analytical Solutions
3.5.5 Numerical Solutions
References
4 Dual Media Storage
4.1 Types of Dual Media Storages
4.2 Pilot Scale Demonstration of Dual Media Storage Systems
4.3 Theoretical Analysis of Dual Media Storage
4.4 Outlook
References
5 Steam Accumulators
5.1 Basic Types of Steam Accumulators
5.1.1 Sliding Pressure Accumulator (Ruths Storage)
5.1.2 Expansion Type Storage
5.1.3 Displacement Accumulator
5.2 Thermodynamics of Steam Accumulators
5.2.1 Sliding Pressure Accumulator
5.2.2 Approximate Solutions for the Sliding Pressure Steam Accumulator
5.2.3 Expansion Type Storage
5.3 Storage Vessels
References
6 Latent Heat Energy Storage
6.1 Phase Change Materials
6.2 Concepts for Latent Heat Storage
6.2.1 Extended Heat Transfer Surface Concepts
6.2.1.1 Annular Fins
6.2.1.2 Longitudinal Fins
6.2.1.3 Parallel Plate Geometries
6.2.2 Encapsulation
6.2.2.1 Macroencapsulation
6.2.2.2 Microencapsulation
6.2.3 Intermediate Heat Transfer Fluid
6.2.4 Active Systems
6.3 Modeling of PCM Storage Systems
References
7 Thermochemical Energy Storage
7.1 Reaction Systems for Thermochemical Energy Storage
7.1.1 Concentration/dilution Systems
7.1.2 Methane Reforming
7.1.3 Ammonia Synthesis/dissociation
7.1.4 Sulfur Based Systems
7.1.5 Hydroxides
7.1.6 Carbonates
7.1.7 Metal Hydride Systems
7.1.8 Redox Systems
References
8 Selection of Storage Concepts
8.1 Operating Temperature Range
8.2 Working Medium
8.3 Technical Development Status
8.4 Other Criteria
Part II Applications
9 Concentrating Solar Power Plants
9.1 CSP Systems
9.2 Storage for CSP
9.3 Research and Development Projects
9.4 Commercial CSP Facilities with Integrated Storage
9.5 Role of Thermal Storage for CSP Technology
9.6 Prospects of CSP with Integrated Thermal Storage
References
10 Industrial Storage Applications
10.1 Basic Concepts for Improving Industrial Energy Efficiency Through Thermal Storage Systems
10.1.1 Supporting Waste Heat Integration
10.1.2 Increasing the Utilization Factor of Components
10.1.3 Support for Waste Heat Conversion
10.1.4 Integration of Renewable Energy
10.1.5 Increasing the Flexibility of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Plants
10.1.6 Storage as Thermal Rectifier
10.2 Industrial Application Areas for Thermal Storage Systems
10.3 Examples for the Use of Storage Systems in Industry
10.3.1 Waste Heat Power Generation in the Cement Industry
10.3.2 Autoclaved Building Materials
10.4 Perspectives
References
11 Systems for the Storage of Electrical Energy
11.1 State of the Art: Large-Scale Energy Storage
11.2 Basic Concepts for Electrical Energy Storage Based on Heat Storage
11.2.1 Power-To-Heat to Power (PHP)
11.2.2 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
11.2.2.1 Diabatic CAES
11.2.2.2 Adiabatic CAES
11.2.2.3 Isothermal CAES
11.2.3 Pumped Thermal Energy Storage (PTES)
11.2.3.1 PTES Based on Brayton Cycles
11.2.3.2 PTES Based on Rankine Cycles
11.2.4 Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES)
11.3 Hybrid Concepts
11.4 Outlook
References
12 Integration into Thermal Power Plants
12.1 Early Steam Power Plants
12.2 Modern Power Plants
12.3 Outlook
References
13 Power to Heat Storage
13.1 Electrical Heat Storage for Space Heating
13.2 Electrothermal Storage for Process Heat
References
14 Mobile Applications
14.1 Energy Supply for the Prime Mover in Vehicles
14.1.1 System Based on Steam Accumulators
14.1.2 Thermochemical Energy Storage: The Honigmann Locomotive
14.1.3 Stirling Systems for Road Vehicles
14.2 Thermal Management of Vehicles
14.3 Space Applications
14.4 Mobile Heat Storage for Heat Supply
References
Index
