Therapeutic Approaches in Cancer Treatment

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
1 Introduction and Overview of Cancer Therapeutics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Tumor Biology and Cancer Development
1.3 Types of Cancer and Grades
1.4 Factors Involved and Cancer Causes
1.5 Cancer Therapeutic Modalities
1.6 Surgeries
1.7 Chemotherapy
1.8 Chemotherapeutic Agent
1.9 Angiogenesis Inhibitors
1.10 Radiotherapy
1.11 Radiation-Based Surgeries
1.12 Techniques Used in Radiation Therapy
1.13 Hormonal Therapy
1.14 Immunotherapy
1.15 Nanostructure-Based Therapeutics
1.16 Miscellaneous Treatment Modalities
1.17 Conclusion
References
2 Transforming Diagnosis and Therapeutics Using Cancer Genomics
2.1 Background
2.1.1 Classical Genomics
2.1.2 Rise in Genomics and Cancer
2.2 Genome-Based Cancer Diagnostic
2.3 Limitations of Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
2.4 Transforming Cancer Diagnosis from Classical to Advance
2.4.1 Tumor’s Location
2.4.2 Histomorphology
2.4.3 Immunohistochemistry
2.4.4 Flow Cytometry
2.4.5 Cancer Biomarkers Discovery
2.4.6 DNA Methylation Group Based Cancer Diagnosis
2.4.7 Sequencing
2.4.8 Panel Testing
2.4.9 Microarray
2.4.10 Third Generation Sequencing
2.5 Genomics Based Characterization of Cancer
2.5.1 Evaluating Genome for Mutations: Genetic Cancer Culprits
2.5.2 Interruption of the Normal Functioning of Tumor Suppressor Genes
2.5.3 Gene Mutations and DNA Repair Systems
2.5.4 Cancer Genome Analysis
2.5.5 Primary Analysis of Data
2.5.6 Secondary Analysis of Data
2.5.7 Squamous Cell Lung Cancers and Its Genomic Characterization
2.5.8 Genomic Analyses of Ovarian Carcinoma
2.6 Transforming Cancer Therapeutics from Classical to Advance
2.6.1 Evolution of Cancer Therapeutics: Traditional to Advance Level
2.6.2 Chemotherapy and Its Limitations
2.6.3 Alkylating Agents
2.6.4 Antimetabolites
2.6.5 Cytotoxic Antibiotics
2.6.6 Revolution of Targeted Therapy
2.6.7 A New Strategy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Cancer Treatment
2.7 Genomic Study Transforms Cancer Therapeutics to an Advanced Level
2.7.1 Multi-omics and Cancer
2.7.2 Genomics
2.7.3 Transcriptomics
2.7.4 Metabolomics
2.8 Case Studies of Multi-omics
2.9 Conclusion
References
3 Chemotherapy
3.1 Chapter 1
3.1.1 Goals and Principles of Chemotherapy
3.1.2 Chemotherapy Administration
3.2 Chapter 2: Chemotherapeutic Drugs
3.2.1 Mode of Action
3.2.2 Classification of Common Chemotherapeutics
3.2.3 Common Uses of Chemotherapeutics
3.3 Chapter 3
3.3.1 Side-Effects of Chemotherapy
References
4 Radiation Therapies in Cancer
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Basis of Radiation Therapy
4.3 Pathophysiology of Cancer
4.4 Radiation Therapy and the Immune System
4.5 Chemotherapy and Irradiation Interaction
4.6 Clinical Radiation Oncology
4.7 Radiation Oncology Education
4.8 Legal Considerations in Radiation Therapy
4.9 Smart Radiotherapy
4.10 Conclusion
References
5 Traditional Treatment Approaches and Role of Immunotherapy in Lung Malignancy and Mesothelioma
5.1 Types of Lung Cancer and Where Mesothelioma Fits In
5.2 Diagnosis and Staging
5.2.1 TNM Staging
5.2.2 Staging of Pleural Mesothelioma
5.3 Traditional Treatment Approaches
5.4 Role of Immunotherapy
5.4.1 Mesothelioma and Anti-cancer Therapies
5.5 Challenges and Future Prospective
References
6 Hormonal Therapies in Cancers
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sex Steroids for Cancer Treatment
6.3 Tamoxifen for Treatment of Breast Cancer
6.4 Hormonal Scheme for the Therapy of Breast Cancer
6.5 LH-RH Agonists Breast Cancer Therapy
6.6 Breast Cancer Defense with Antiestrogens
6.7 Hormonal Replacement Therapy of Menopausal Symptoms
6.8 Hormonal Therapy in Post Menopause and Risk of Colorectal Cancer
6.9 Menopause Hormone Therapy (MHT)
6.10 Ovarian Cancer and Hormonal Therapy
6.11 Conclusion
References
7 Oncolytic Virotherapy
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Mechanisms of Oncolytic Viruses
7.2.1 Tumor Lysis
7.2.2 Antitumor Immunity
7.3 Oncolytic Viruses
7.3.1 Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
7.3.2 Adenovirus
7.3.3 Reovirus
7.3.4 Vaccinia Virus
7.3.5 Other Viruses
7.4 Oncolytic Viruses and the Blood–Brain Barrier
7.5 Conclusion
References
8 Osteosarcoma and Its Advancement
8.1 Epidemiology
8.2 Etiology and Pathogenesis
8.3 Biologic and Genetic Behavior of Osteosarcoma
8.4 Diagnosis and Staging
8.5 Recommended Diagnostic Work-Up for Osteosarcoma Patients
8.6 Plain Radiography
8.7 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
8.8 Histopathology
8.9 Pathology and Staging
8.10 WHO Classification
8.11 Multidisciplinary Treatment Approach
8.12 Treatment
8.12.1 Chemotherapy
8.13 Surgery
8.14 Radiotherapy
8.15 Polychemotherapy
8.16 Immunomodulation
8.17 Treatment of Metastatic Disease and Relapse
8.18 Follow-Up and Effects of Treatment
8.19 Conclusion
References
9 Pharmacogenetics of Anticancer Drugs: Clinical Response and Toxicity
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Genetic Polymorphism
9.2.1 SNPs and Polymorphism
9.2.2 Somatic Versus Germline Mutations in Oncology
9.2.3 Pharmacogenetic Biomarkers and Their Significance
9.2.4 Anticancer Drugs and Pharmacogenetics of Enzymes
9.3 Applying Pharmacogenetic Knowledge in Clinical Oncology
9.4 Tools and Techniques for Pharmacogenetics Studies
9.5 Pharmacogenetics and Drug Development
9.5.1 Pharmacogenetics in Anticancer Drug Development
9.6 Genetic Factors Influencing Efficacy and Toxicity of Individual Chemotherapeutic Agents
9.6.1 Tamoxifen and Polymorphic CYP2D6
9.6.2 Irinotecan and Polymorphic UDT1A1
9.6.3 6-Mercaptopurine and TPMT
9.6.4 5-Flurouracil and TYMS, MTHFR, DPD
9.6.5 Methotrexate and SLCO1B1, TYMS
9.6.6 Platinum Compounds and ERCC1,2, ATP7B
9.6.7 Vemurafenib and BRAF V600E
9.6.8 Crizotinib and ALK
9.6.9 Cetuximab, Panitumumab and KRAS, BRAF
9.6.10 Trastuzumab and HER2/neu
9.6.11 Imatinib and BCR-ABL, C-Kit
9.6.12 Erlotinib and EGFR
9.7 Conclusion
References
10 Targeted Therapy and Personalized Medicine
10.1 Introduction to Cancer Therapy
10.1.1 Overview
10.1.2 Chemotherapy
10.1.3 Proteomics and Genomics
10.1.4 Plant-Based Therapy
10.1.5 Nanotechnology
10.1.6 Gene Therapy
10.1.7 Radiomics
10.2 Strategies of Targeted Therapies
10.2.1 Traditional Treatment
10.2.2 Targeted Therapies
10.2.3 Targeted Therapy Versus Traditional Therapy
10.2.4 Personalized Therapy for Cancer
10.2.5 Current Targeted Therapies Approved by the FDA
10.3 Targeted Therapies and Personalized Medicine in Cancer
10.3.1 Lung Cancer
10.3.2 Breast Cancer
10.3.3 Colorectal Cancer
10.3.4 Hepatocellular Carcinoma
10.3.5 Leukaemia
10.4 Advancements in Targeted Therapies and Personalized Medicine
10.5 Challenges for Oncology Targeted Approaches and Personalized Therapy
10.6 Conclusion and Future Perceptive
References
11 Smart Nanocarrier-Based Cancer Therapeutics
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Cancer, Challenges in Diagnosis and Therapeutics
11.1.2 Rational for Nanotechnology in Cancer Therapeutics
11.2 Active and Passive Targetings of Solid Tumors With a Focus on Potential Nanotechnology Applications
11.2.1 Passive Targeting
11.2.2 Active Targeting
11.3 Multifunctional Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy—Novel Concepts
11.3.1 Organic Nanoparticles
11.3.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles
11.4 Smartness of NPs as Drug Delivery Carrier for Cancer Therapeutics
11.5 Tumor Microenvironment-Targeted Nanotherapy
11.6 Nanotoxicology and Possible Solutions
11.7 Bench to Bedside: Translational Prospective
11.8 Preclinical Characterization of Engineered Nanoparticles Proposed for Cancer Therapeutics
11.9 Nanotechnology: Regulatory Perspective for Drug Development in Cancer Therapeutics
11.10 Conclusion
References
12 Cancer Chemoresistance; Recent Challenges and Future Considerations
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Types of Chemoresistance
12.2.1 Intrinsic Chemoresistance
12.2.2 Acquired Chemoresistance
12.3 Potential Mechanisms of Cancer Chemoresistance
12.3.1 Enhanced Drug Efflux
12.3.2 Drug Inactivation
12.3.3 Modification in Drug Target
12.3.4 Cell Death Inhibition
12.3.5 Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
12.3.6 DNA Damage Repair
12.4 Role of Biological Factors in Cancer Chemoresistance
12.4.1 Epigenetics, MicroRNAs and Stem Cells
12.4.2 Cell Signaling Pathways, Endoplasmic Reticulum and Exosomes
12.4.3 Tumor Heterogeneity and Microenvironment
12.5 Cancer Multidrug Resistance
12.6 Prognostic Markers and Diagnosis of Cancer Chemoresistance
12.6.1 Cancer Biomarkers
12.6.2 Fresh Tumor Culture Test
12.6.3 Positron Emission Tomography
12.7 Strategies for Overcoming Cancer Chemoresistance
12.8 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
13 Psychological Support for Cancer Patients
13.1 Overview
13.2 Psychological Reactions and Mental Health: Interventions for Cancer Patients and Survivors
13.3 Caregiver Burden and Fatigue: Interventions for Caregivers
13.4 Stress and Burnout: Interventions for Oncologists and Staff
13.5 Conclusion
References
14 Nutritional Assessment in Cancer Patients
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Nutritional Implications in Cancer
14.2 The Need for Nutritional Assessment
14.3 Nutritional Assessment
14.3.1 Anthropometric Measurements
14.3.2 Clinical Evaluation
14.3.3 Laboratory Assessment
14.3.4 Dietary Evaluation
14.4 Conclusion
References