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Theory and Practice of CO2 Utilization in Steelmaking

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This book analyzes the mechanism of the application of CO2 in steelmaking, by looking at the thermodynamics and kinetics of the reactions of CO2 with the elements present in molten steel. This book is the first academic monograph either at home or abroad on the application of CO2 in the steelmaking field. The thermodynamic conditions of the reactions of CO2 with silicon, manganese, phosphorus, chromium, nickel, vanadium, and other elements were calculated and analyzed using the FactSage thermodynamic software, and the selective oxidation law of the above multiple elements by CO2 was also analyzed. In terms of kinetics, the interfacial reaction mechanism of CO2 was analyzed via gas isotope exchange technology, and the O2 transfer process and transfer rate between the CO2, slag, and steel were studied. In terms of materials and energy balance, how to use the high-temperature characteristics of CO2 to control the temperature of the molten pool, improve the reaction conditions of molten iron, reduce the evaporation of molten iron, and reduce the amount of steelmaking dust were introduced. Based on the experimental data, theoretical models of unit operation for the application of CO2 in steelmaking were established, including decarburization, denitrification, dephosphorization, decarburization and chromium retention, vanadium extraction, and carbon preservation, and these theoretical models were applied to the steelmaking production process, which is an important step in going from theory to practice. The above research work has opened up a new solution for energy saving and liquid steel cleaning in the iron and steel production process and represents progress in steelmaking technology.

This book is used as a reference book for managers, engineering and technical personnel, and related professional teachers and students of Iron & Steel enterprises, government departments, consulting services and evaluation agencies, colleges, and secondary professional schools.

Author(s): Rong Zhu
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 451
City: Singapore

Preface
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Current Status of CO2 Emissions
1.2 Research on CO2 Recovery Technology
1.2.1 Solvent Absorption Methods
1.2.2 Pressure Swing Adsorption Method
1.2.3 Organic Membrane Separation Method
1.2.4 Adsorption Distillation Method
1.3 The Use of CO2 in the Steelmaking Process
1.3.1 Use of CO2 in a Converter
1.3.2 Use of CO2 in an Electric Arc Furnace
1.3.3 Application of CO2 in Refining and Continuous Casting
1.3.4 The Use of CO2 in the Smelting of Stainless Steel
1.3.5 CO2 Treatment of Steel Slag
References
2 The Thermodynamics of CO2 in the Steelmaking Process
2.1 Chemical Reaction of CO2 in the Steelmaking Process
2.1.1 CO2 Oxidation at High Temperature
2.1.2 Endothermic Effect of CO2
2.1.3 Mechanism of Dust Reduction by CO2
2.2 Thermodynamics of Dephosphorization by CO2 in the Steelmaking Process
2.2.1 Thermodynamic Analysis of the Dephosphorization of Molten Fe
2.2.2 Effect that the CO2 Injection Has on Dephosphorization
2.2.3 Effect that CO2 Injection Has on the Selective Oxidation of Elements in the Molten Bath
2.3 Thermodynamics of CO2 Used in the Steelmaking and Decarburization Processes
2.3.1 Theoretical analysis of the thermodynamics
2.3.2 Calculation of the Surplus Heat
3 The Kinetics of Using CO2 in Steelmaking
3.1 Study on the Effect that the Rate of the Utilization of CO2 Has on the Steelmaking Process
3.1.1 Study on the Rate of Utilization of CO2
3.1.2 Study on the Utilization Ratios of CO2 and O2 in a Mixed Gas Injection
3.2 Kinetics of CO2 Decarburization in Steelmaking
3.2.1 Kinetics of Decarburization Using CO2 Injection
3.2.2 Decarburization Kinetics of a Mixed CO2 and O2 Injection
3.3 Kinetics of N Removal by CO2 in Steelmaking
3.3.1 Controlling the Speed of N2 Absorption or Precipitation in Molten Steel
3.3.2 Rate Equation for N2 Absorption or Precipitation in the Molten Steel
3.3.3 Effect that the Bottom Blowing of Different Gases Has on the Liquid Steel [N], [H], and [O] Content
4 Materials and Heat Balance of the CO2 Used in Steelmaking
4.1 The Materials and Heat Balance of the CO2 Used for the Pre-Dephosphorization of Molten Iron (Fe)
4.1.1 Raw and Auxiliary Materials Conditions
4.1.2 Assumptions
4.1.3 Materials Analysis of the CO2 Used in the Steelmaking Process
4.1.4 Thermal Analysis of the CO2 Used in the Steelmaking Process
4.2 CO2 is Used in the Materials and Heat Balance of Converter Steelmaking
4.2.1 Raw and Auxiliary Materials Conditions
4.2.2 Assumptions
4.2.3 Analysis of the CO2 Used in Steelmaking Materials
4.2.4 Thermal Analysis of the CO2 Used in the Steelmaking Process
4.2.5 Final Calculation of the Materials and Heat Balance
4.3 The Materials and Heat Balance of CO2 Used in Stainless Steel Smelting
4.3.1 The Impact that CO2 Injection Has on the Materials and Energy Involved in an Actual Smelting Process in an AOD Furnace
4.3.2 The Impact that the CO2 Injection Ratio Has on the Materials and Energy
5 Basic Theory of CO2 Use in Refining
5.1 Study on the Reaction Mechanism of Bottom Blown CO2 in an LF Furnace
5.1.1 Thermodynamic Study on the Reaction of Bottom Blown CO2 in an LF Furnace
5.1.2 Study on the Reaction Kinetics of Bottom Blown CO2 in an LF Furnace
5.1.3 Study on the Stirring Mechanism of the Bottom Blowing of CO2 in an LF Furnace
5.2 Application of CO2 in an AOD Furnace for Stainless Steel Smelting
5.2.1 Reaction of CO2 with the Main Elements in the Molten Steel
5.2.2 Calculation of the Temperature Rise Associated with CO2 Oxidation
5.2.3 Thermodynamics of Decarburization and [Cr] Retention
5.2.4 FactSage Calculations
5.2.5 Kinetic Analysis
5.3 Application of CO2 in an RH Furnace for the Smelting of Low C Steel
5.3.1 Basic Research on CO2 as an RH Lifting Gas
5.3.2 Study on the Reaction Mechanism of CO2 as an RH Lifting Gas
6 The Theory of Limestone Decomposing CO2 Steelmaking
6.1 Silicon (Si) Volatilization in Limestone Slagging and Steelmaking
6.1.1 Mechanism of Silicon Volatilization in the Converter
6.2 Thermodynamic Calculation of Si Volatilization in a Limestone Converter
6.2.1 Influencing Factors of Si Volatilization in the Converter
6.2.2 Favorable Conditions for the Volatilization of Si When Limestone is Used for Slagging
6.3 Effect that Oxidation of CO2 from the Limestone in the Converter Has on the Molten Fe
6.3.1 Limestone Decomposition Reaction Experiments in Molten Fe
6.3.2 The Thermodynamics of CO2 and the Selective Oxidation of [C] and [Si]
6.3.3 The Utilization Rate of CO2 and Molten Fe Reaction
6.4 The Role of CO2 in the Dissolution and Decomposition of Limestone
6.4.1 Research Purpose
6.4.2 Experimental Method
6.4.3 Dissolution of the Limestone in the Slag
6.4.4 Decomposition of Limestone in the Molten Slag
7 Study on the Decarburization and Chromium (Cr) Yield of a Chromium-Containing Melt by CO2
7.1 Thermodynamic Study on the Decarburization of a Cr-Containing Melt by CO2
7.1.1 Thermodynamics of the Decarburization of a Fe–Cr–C (Stainless Steel) Melt by CO2
7.1.2 Thermodynamics of the Decarburization of a Cr–Fe–C Melt by CO2
7.2 Study on the Decarburization Kinetics of a Fe–Cr–C Melt Containing Cr by CO2
7.2.1 Mechanism of the Decarburization of a Fe–Cr–C Melt by CO2
7.2.2 Control of the Rate of the Decarburization of the Fe–Cr–C Melt by CO2
7.3 Principle of Decarburization and the Cr Yield
7.3.1 Effect that the CO2 Smelting of Stainless Steel Has on the Oxidation Conversion Temperature
7.3.2 Effect that the CO2 Smelting of an Fe–Cr Alloy Has on the Oxidation Conversion Temperature
7.4 Case Study on CO2 Decarburization and Cr Yield
7.4.1 Laboratory Study on the Application of CO2 in Stainless Steel Smelting
7.4.2 Laboratory Study on the Application of CO2 in Fe–Cr Alloy Smelting
7.5 Experimental Study on CO2 Decarbonization and Manganese (Mn) Conservation
8 Application of CO2 Injection in the Steelmaking Process
8.1 CO2 Utilization in Conventional Basic Oxygen (O2) Furnace (BOF) Steelmaking
8.1.1 Gas Supply System
8.1.2 Discussion and Analysis of the Bottom-Blowing Results
8.1.3 Discussion and Analysis of the Top-Blowing Results
8.2 Study on Pre-Dephosphorization in a Converter with CO2
8.2.1 Gas Supply System
8.2.2 Study on the Top–Bottom Blowing of CO2
8.3 Study on of the Use of CO2 in EAF Steelmaking
8.3.1 Application of CO2 in an EAF
8.3.2 Experimental Scheme for the Use of CO2 in the EAF Steelmaking Process
8.3.3 Analysis of the Results
8.4 CO2 Used in Refining Process Technology Research
8.4.1 Application of CO2 in the Bottom-Blown Process of an LF
8.4.2 Study on the Reactions Between the Elements in the Molten Steel
8.4.3 Analysis of the Results
8.4.4 Application of CO2 in the Bottom-Blowing Process of an RH Furnace
8.5 New Cycling Concept of CO2 in the Steelmaking Process
8.5.1 Cycling of CO2 in BOF–RH Steelmaking Processes
8.5.2 Cycle Utilization of CO2 in the EAF–LF Steelmaking Process
8.5.3 Prospects for the Use of CO2 Application in the Fe and Steel Industries