Theory and Practice of Aircraft Performance

Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Series Preface
Road Map of the Book
Acknowledgements
Nomenclature
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Overview
1.2 Brief Historical Background
1.2.1 Flight in Mythology
1.2.2 Fifteenth to Nineteenth Centuries
1.2.3 From 1900 to World War I (1914)
1.2.4 World War I (1914–1918)
1.2.5 The Inter-War Period: the Golden Age (1918–1939)
1.2.6 World War II (1939–1945)
1.2.7 Post World War II
1.3 Current Aircraft Design Status
1.3.1 Current Civil Aircraft Trends
1.3.2 Current Military Aircraft Trends
1.4 Future Trends
1.4.1 Trends in Civil Aircraft
1.4.2 Trends in Military Aircraft
1.4.3 Forces and Drivers
1.5 Airworthiness Requirements
1.6 Current Aircraft Performance Analyses Levels
1.7 Market Survey
1.8 Typical Design Process
1.8.1 Four Phases of Aircraft Design
1.9 Classroom Learning Process
1.10 Cost Implications
1.11 Units and Dimensions
1.12 Use of Semi‐empirical Relations and Graphs
1.13 How Do Aircraft Fly?
1.13.1 Classification of Flight Mechanics
1.14 Anatomy of Aircraft
1.14.1 Comparison between Civil and Military Design Requirements
1.15 Aircraft Motion and Forces
1.15.1 Motion – Kinematics
1.15.2 Forces – Kinetics
1.15.3 Aerodynamic Parameters – Lift, Drag and Pitching Moment
1.15.4 Basic Controls – Sign Convention
References
Chapter 2 Aerodynamic and Aircraft Design Considerations
2.1 Overview
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Atmosphere
2.3.1 Hydrostatic Equations and Standard Atmosphere
2.3.2 Non-standard/Off-standard Atmosphere
2.3.3 Altitude Definitions – Density Altitude (Off‐standard)
2.3.4 Humidity Effects
2.3.5 Greenhouse Gases Effect
2.4 Airflow Behaviour: Laminar and Turbulent
2.4.1 Flow Past an Aerofoil
2.5 Aerofoil
2.5.1 Subsonic Aerofoil
2.5.2 Supersonic Aerofoil
2.6 Generation of Lift
2.6.1 Centre of Pressure and Aerodynamic Centre
2.6.2 Relation between Centre of Pressure and Aerodynamic Centre
2.7 Types of Stall
2.7.1 Buffet
2.8 Comparison of Three NACA Aerofoils
2.9 High-Lift Devices
2.10 Transonic Effects – Area Rule
2.10.1 Compressibility Correction
2.11 Wing Aerodynamics
2.11.1 Induced Drag and Total Aircraft Drag
2.12 Aspect Ratio Correction of 2D-Aerofoil Characteristics for 3D-Finite Wing
2.13 Wing Definitions
2.13.1 Planform Area, SW
2.13.2 Wing Aspect Ratio
2.13.3 Wing-Sweep Angle
2.13.4 Wing Root (croot) and Tip (ctip) Chords
2.13.5 Wing-Taper Ratio, λ
2.13.6 Wing Twist
2.13.7 High/Low Wing
2.13.8 Dihedral/Anhedral Angles
2.14 Mean Aerodynamic Chord
2.15 Compressibility Effect: Wing Sweep
2.16 Wing-Stall Pattern and Wing Twist
2.17 Influence of Wing Area and Span on Aerodynamics
2.17.1 The Square-Cube Law
2.17.2 Aircraft Wetted Area (AW) versus Wing Planform Area (SW)
2.17.3 Additional Wing Surface Vortex Lift – Strake/Canard
2.17.4 Additional Surfaces on Wing – Flaps/Slats and High‐Lift Devices
2.17.5 Other Additional Surfaces on Wing
2.18 Empennage
2.18.1 Tail-arm
2.18.2 Horizontal Tail (H-Tail)
2.18.3 Vertical Tail (V-Tail)
2.18.4 Tail-Volume Coefficients
2.19 Fuselage
2.19.1 Fuselage Axis/Zero-Reference Plane
2.19.2 Fuselage Length, Lfus
2.19.3 Fineness Ratio, FR
2.19.4 Fuselage Upsweep Angle
2.19.5 Fuselage Closure Angle
2.19.6 Front Fuselage Closure Length, Lf
2.19.7 Aft Fuselage Closure Length, La
2.19.8 Mid-Fuselage Constant Cross-Section Length, Lm
2.19.9 Fuselage Height, H
2.19.10 Fuselage Width, W
2.19.11 Average Diameter, Dave
2.20 Nacelle and Intake
2.20.1 Large Commercial/Military Logistic and Old Bombers Nacelle Group
2.20.2 Small Civil Aircraft Nacelle Position
2.20.3 Intake/Nacelle Group (Military Aircraft)
2.20.4 Futuristic Aircraft Nacelle Positions
2.21 Speed Brakes and Dive Brakes
References
Chapter 3 Air Data Measuring Instruments, Systems and Parameters
3.1 Overview
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Aircraft Speed
3.3.1 Definitions Related to Aircraft Velocity
3.3.2 Theory Related to Computing Aircraft Velocity
3.3.3 Aircraft Speed in Flight Deck Instruments
3.3.4 Atmosphere with Wind Speed (Non-zero Wind)
3.3.5 Calibrated Airspeed
3.3.6 Compressibility Correction (ΔVc )
3.3.7 Other Position Error Corrections
3.4 Air Data Instruments
3.4.1 Altitude Measurement – Altimeter
3.4.2 Airspeed Measuring Instrument – Pitot-Static Tube
3.4.3 Angle-of-Attack Probe
3.4.4 Vertical Speed Indicator
3.4.5 Temperature Measurement
3.4.6 Turn-Slip Indicator
3.5 Aircraft Flight-Deck (Cockpit) Layout
3.5.1 Multifunctional Displays and Electronic Flight Information Systems
3.5.2 Combat Aircraft Flight Deck
3.5.3 Head-Up Display (HUD)
3.6 Aircraft Mass (Weights) and Centre of Gravity
3.6.1 Aircraft Mass (Weights) Breakdown
3.6.2 Desirable CG Position
3.6.3 Weights Summary – Civil Aircraft
3.6.4 CG Determination – Civil Aircraft
3.6.5 Bizjet Aircraft CG Location – Classroom Example
3.6.6 Weights Summary – Military Aircraft
3.6.7 CG Determination – Military Aircraft
3.6.8 Classroom Worked Example – Military AJT CG Location
3.7 Noise Emissions
3.7.1 Airworthiness Requirements
3.7.2 Summary
3.8 Engine-Exhaust Emissions
3.9 Aircraft Systems
3.9.1 Aircraft Control System
3.9.2 ECS: Cabin Pressurization and Air‐Conditioning
3.9.3 Oxygen Supply
3.9.4 Anti-icing, De-icing, Defogging and Rain Removal System
3.10 Low Observable (LO) Aircraft Configuration
3.10.1 Heat Signature
3.10.2 Radar Signature
References
Chapter 4 Equations of Motion for a Flat Stationary Earth
4.1 Overview
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Definitions of Frames of Reference (Flat Stationary E arth) and Nomenclature Used
4.3.1 Notation and Symbols Used in this Chapter
4.4 Eulerian Angles
4.4.1 Transformation of Eulerian Angles
4.5 Simplified Equations of Motion for a Flat Stationary Earth
4.5.1 Important Aerodynamic Angles
4.5.2 In Pitch Plane (Vertical XZ Plane)
4.5.3 In Yaw Plane (Horizontal Plane) – Coordinated Turn
4.5.4 In Pitch-Yaw Plane – Coordinated Climb-Turn (Helical Trajectory)
4.5.5 Discussion on Turn
Reference
Chapter 5 Aircraft Load
5.1 Overview
5.2 Introduction
5.2.1 Buffet
5.2.2 Flutter
5.3 Flight Manoeuvres
5.3.1 Pitch Plane (X-Z) Manoeuvre
5.3.2 Roll Plane (Y-Z) Manoeuvre
5.3.3 Yaw Plane (Y-X) Manoeuvre
5.4 Aircraft Loads
5.5 Theory and Definitions
5.5.1 Load Factor, n
5.6 Limits – Loads and Speeds
5.6.1 Maximum Limit of Load Factor
5.7 V-n Diagram
5.7.1 Speed Limits
5.7.2 Extreme Points of the V-n Diagram
5.7.3 Low Speed Limit
5.7.4 Manoeuvre Envelope Construction
5.7.5 High Speed Limit
5.8 Gust Envelope
5.8.1 Gust Load Equations
5.8.2 Gust Envelope Construction
Reference
Chapter 6 Stability Considerations Affecting Aircraft Performance
6.1 Overview
6.2 Introduction
6.3 Static and Dynamic Stability
6.3.1 Longitudinal Stability – Pitch Plane (Pitch Moment, M )
6.3.2 Directional Stability – Yaw Plane (Yaw Moment, N)
6.3.3 Lateral Stability – Roll Plane (Roll Moment, L)
6.4 Theory
6.4.1 Pitch Plane
6.4.2 Yaw Plane
6.4.3 Roll Plane
6.5 Current Statistical Trends for Horizontal and Vertical Tail Coefficients
6.6 Inherent Aircraft Motions as Characteristics of Design
6.6.1 Short-Period Oscillation and Phugoid Motion
6.6.2 Directional/Lateral Modes of Motion
6.7 Spinning
6.8 Summary of Design Considerations for Stability
6.8.1 Civil Aircraft
6.8.2 Military Aircraft – Non-linear Effects
6.8.3 Active Control Technology (ACT) – Fly-by-Wire
References
Chapter 7 Aircraft Power Plant and Integration
7.1 Overview
7.2 Background
7.3 Definitions
7.4 Air-Breathing Aircraft Engine Types
7.4.1 Simple Straight-through Turbojets
7.4.2 Turbofan – Bypass Engine
7.4.3 Afterburner Jet Engines
7.4.4 Turboprop Engines
7.4.5 Piston Engines
7.5 Simplified Representation of Gas Turbine (Brayton/Joule) Cycle
7.6 Formulation/Theory – Isentropic Case
7.6.1 Simple Straight-through Turbojets
7.6.2 Bypass Turbofan Engines
7.6.3 Afterburner Jet Engines
7.6.4 Turboprop Engines
7.7 Engine Integration to Aircraft – Installation Effects
7.7.1 Subsonic Civil Aircraft Nacelle and Engine Installation
7.7.2 Turboprop Integration to Aircraft
7.7.3 Combat Aircraft Engine Installation
7.8 Intake/Nozzle Design
7.8.1 Civil Aircraft Intake Design
7.8.2 Military Aircraft Intake Design
7.9 Exhaust Nozzle and Thrust Reverser
7.9.1 Civil Aircraft Exhaust Nozzles
7.9.2 Military Aircraft TR Application and Exhaust Nozzles
7.10 Propeller
7.10.1 Propeller-Related Definitions
7.10.2 Propeller Theory
7.10.3 Propeller Performance – Practical Engineering Applications
7.10.4 Propeller Performance – Three- to Four-Bladed
References
Chapter 8 Aircraft Power Plant Performance
8.1 Overview
8.2 Introduction
8.2.1 Engine Performance Ratings
8.2.2 Turbofan Engine Parameters
8.3 Uninstalled Turbofan Engine Performance Data – Civil Aircraft
8.3.1 Turbofans with BPR around 4
8.3.2 Turbofans with BPR around 5–6
8.4 Uninstalled Turbofan Engine Performance Data – Military Aircraft
8.5 Uninstalled Turboprop Engine Performance Data
8.5.1 Typical Turboprop Performance
8.6 Installed Engine Performance Data of Matched Engines to Coursework Aircraft
8.6.1 Turbofan Engine (Smaller Engines for Bizjets – BPR ≈ 4)
8.6.2 Turbofans with BPR around 5–6 (Larger Jets)
8.6.3 Military Turbofan (Very Low BPR)
8.7 Installed Turboprop Performance Data
8.7.1 Typical Turboprop Performance
8.7.2 Propeller Performance – Worked Example
8.8 Piston Engine
8.9 Engine Performance Grid
8.9.1 Installed Maximum Climb Rating (TFE 731-20 Class Turbofan)
8.9.2 Maximum Cruise Rating (TFE731-20 Class Turbofan)
8.10 Some Turbofan Data
Reference
Chapter 9 Aircraft Drag
9.1 Overview
9.2 Introduction
9.3 Parasite Drag Definition
9.4 Aircraft Drag Breakdown (Subsonic)
9.5 Aircraft Drag Formulation
9.6 Aircraft Drag Estimation Methodology
9.7 Minimum Parasite Drag Estimation Methodology
9.7.1 Geometric Parameters, Reynolds Number and Basic CF Determination
9.7.2 Computation of Wetted Area
9.7.3 Stepwise Approach to Computing Minimum Parasite Drag
9.8 Semi-Empirical Relations to Estimate Aircraft Component Parasite Drag
9.8.1 Fuselage
9.8.2 Wing, Empennage, Pylons and Winglets
9.8.3 Nacelle Drag
9.8.4 Excrescence Drag
9.8.5 Miscellaneous Parasite Drags
9.9 Notes on Excrescence Drag Resulting from Surface Imperfections
9.10 Minimum Parasite Drag
9.11 ΔCDp Estimation
9.12 Subsonic Wave Drag
9.13 Total Aircraft Drag
9.14 Low-Speed Aircraft Drag at Takeoff and Landing
9.14.1 High-Lift Device Drag
9.14.2 Dive Brakes and Spoilers Drag
9.14.3 Undercarriage Drag
9.14.4 One-Engine Inoperative Drag
9.15 Propeller-Driven Aircraft Drag
9.16 Military Aircraft Drag
9.17 Supersonic Drag
9.18 Coursework Example – Civil Bizjet Aircraft
9.18.1 Geometric and Performance Data
9.18.2 Computation of Wetted Areas, Re and Basic CF
9.18.3 Computation of 3D and Other Effects
9.18.4 Summary of Parasite Drag
9.18.5 ΔCDp Estimation
9.18.6 Induced Drag
9.18.7 Total Aircraft Drag at LRC
9.19 Classroom Example – Subsonic Military Aircraft (Advanced Jet Trainer)
9.19.1 AJT Specifications
9.19.2 CAS Variant Specifications
9.19.3 Weights
9.19.4 AJT Details
9.20 Classroom Example – Turboprop Trainer
9.20.1 TPT Specification
9.20.2 TPT Details
9.20.3 Component Parasite Drag Estimation
9.21 Classroom Example – Supersonic Military Aircraft
9.21.1 Geometric and Performance Data for the Vigilante RA-C5 Aircraft
9.21.2 Computation of Wetted Areas, Re and Basic CF
9.21.3 Computation of 3D and Other Effects to Estimate Component CDpmin
9.21.4 Summary of Parasite Drag
9.21.5 ΔCDp Estimation
9.21.6 Induced Drag
9.21.7 Supersonic Drag Estimation
9.21.8 Total Aircraft Drag
9.22 Drag Comparison
9.23 Some Concluding Remarks and Reference Figures
References
Chapter 10 Fundamentals of Mission Profile, Drag Polar and Aeroplane Grid
10.1 Overview
10.2 Introduction
10.2.1 Evolution in Aircraft Performance Capabilities
10.2.2 Levels of Aircraft Performance Analyses
10.3 Civil Aircraft Mission (Payload–Range)
10.3.1 Civil Aircraft Classification and Mission Segments
10.4 Military Aircraft Mission
10.4.1 Military Aircraft Performance Segments
10.5 Aircraft Flight Envelope
10.6 Understanding Drag Polar
10.6.1 Actual Drag Polar
10.6.2 Parabolic Drag Polar
10.6.3 Comparison between Actual and Parabolic Drag Polar
10.7 Properties of Parabolic Drag Polar
10.7.1 The Maximum and Minimum Conditions Applicable to Parabolic Drag Polar
10.7.2 Propeller-Driven Aircraft
10.8 Classwork Examples of Parabolic Drag Polar
10.8.1 Bizjet Market Specifications
10.8.2 Turboprop Trainer Specifications
10.8.3 Advanced Jet Trainer Specifications
10.8.4 Comparison of Drag Polars
10.9 Bizjet Actual Drag Polar
10.9.1 Comparing Actual with Parabolic Drag Polar
10.9.2 (Lift/Drag) and (Mach × Lift/Drag) Ratios
10.9.3 Velocity at Minimum (D/V)
10.9.4 (Lift/Drag)max, CL @ (L/D)max and VDmin
10.9.5 Turboprop Trainer (TPT) Example – Parabolic Drag Polar
10.9.6 TPT (Lift/Drag)max, CL@(L/D)max and VDmin
10.9.7 TPT (ESHP)min_reqd and VPmin
10.9.8 Summary for TPT
10.10 Aircraft and Engine Grid
10.10.1 Aircraft and Engine Grid (Jet Aircraft)
10.10.2 Classwork Example – Bizjet Aircraft and Engine Grid
10.10.3 Aircraft and Engine Grid (Turboprop Trainer)
References
Chapter 11 Takeoff and Landing
11.1 Overview
11.2 Introduction
11.3 Airfield Definitions
11.3.1 Stopway (SWY) and Clearway (CWY)
11.3.2 Available Airfield Definitions
11.3.3 Actual Field Length Definitions
11.4 Generalized Takeoff Equations of Motion
11.4.1 Ground Run Distance
11.4.2 Time Taken for the Ground Run SG
11.4.3 Flare Distance and Time Taken from VR to V2
11.4.4 Ground Effect
11.5 Friction – Wheel Rolling and Braking Friction Coefficients
11.6 Civil Transport Aircraft Takeoff
11.6.1 Civil Aircraft Takeoff Segments
11.6.2 Balanced Field Length (BFL) – Civil Aircraft
11.6.3 Flare to 35 ft Height (Average Speed Method)
11.7 Worked Example – Bizjet
11.7.1 All-Engine Takeoff
11.7.2 Flare from VR to V2
11.7.3 Balanced Field Takeoff – One Engine Inoperative
11.8 Takeoff Presentation
11.8.1 Weight, Altitude and Temperature Limits
11.9 Military Aircraft Takeoff
11.10 Checking Takeoff Field Length (AJT)
11.10.1 AJT Aircraft and Aerodynamic Data
11.10.2 Takeoff with 8° Flap
11.11 Civil Transport Aircraft Landing
11.11.1 Airfield Definitions
11.11.2 Landing Performance Equations
11.11.3 Landing Field Length for the Bizjet
11.11.4 Landing Field Length for the AJT
11.12 Landing Presentation
11.13 Approach Climb and Landing Climb
11.14 Fuel Jettisoning
References
Chapter 12 Climb and Descent Performance
12.1 Overview
12.2 Introduction
12.2.1 Cabin Pressurization
12.2.2 Aircraft Ceiling
12.3 Climb Performance
12.3.1 Climb Performance Equations of Motion
12.3.2 Accelerated Climb
12.3.3 Constant EAS Climb
12.3.4 Constant Mach Climb
12.3.5 Unaccelerated Climb
12.4 Other Ways to Climb (Point Performance) – Civil Aircraft
12.4.1 Maximum Rate of Climb and Maximum Climb Gradient
12.4.2 Steepest Climb
12.4.3 Economic Climb at Constant EAS
12.4.4 Discussion on Climb Performance
12.5 Classwork Example – Climb Performance (Bizjet)
12.5.1 Takeoff Segments Climb Performance (Bizjet)
12.5.2 En-Route Climb Performance (Bizjet)
12.5.3 Bizjet Climb Schedule
12.6 Hodograph Plot
12.6.1 Aircraft Ceiling
12.7 Worked Example – Bizjet
12.7.1 Bizjet Climb Rate at Normal Climb Speed Schedule
12.7.2 Rate of Climb Performance versus Altitude
12.7.3 Bizjet Ceiling
12.8 Integrated Climb Performance – Computational Methodology
12.8.1 Worked Example – Initial En-Route Rate of Climb (Bizjet)
12.8.2 Integrated Climb Performance (Bizjet)
12.8.3 Turboprop Trainer Aircraft (TPT)
12.9 Specific Excess Power (SEP) – High-Energy Climb
12.9.1 Specific Excess Power Characteristics
12.9.2 Worked Example of SEP Characteristics (Bizjet)
12.9.3 Example of AJT
12.9.4 Supersonic Aircraft
12.10 Descent Performance
12.10.1 Glide
12.10.2 Descent Properties
12.10.3 Selection of Descent Speed
12.11 Worked Example – Descent Performance (Bizjet)
12.11.1 Limitation of Maximum Descent Rate
References
Chapter 13 Cruise Performance and Endurance
13.1 Overview
13.2 Introduction
13.2.1 Definitions
13.3: Equations of Motion for the Cruise Segment
13.4 Cruise Equations
13.4.1 Propeller-Driven Aircraft Cruise Equations
13.4.2 Jet Engine Aircraft Cruise Equations
13.5 Specific Range
13.6 Worked Example (Bizjet)
13.6.1 Aircraft and Engine Grid at Cruise Rating
13.6.2 Specific Range Using Actual Drag Polar
13.6.3 Specific Range and Range Factor
13.7 Endurance Equations
13.7.1 Propeller-Driven (Turboprop) Aircraft
13.7.2 Turbofan Powered Aircraft
13.8 Options for Cruise Segment (Turbofan Only)
13.9 Initial Maximum Cruise Speed (Bizjet)
13.10 Worked Example of AJT – Military Aircraft
13.10.1 To Compute the AJT Fuel Requirement
13.10.2 To Check Maximum Speed
References
Chapter 14 Aircraft Mission Profile
14.1 Overview
14.2 Introduction
14.3 Payload-Range Capability
14.3.1 Reserve Fuel
14.4 The Bizjet Payload-Range Capability
14.4.1 Long-Range Cruise (LRC) at Constant Altitude
14.4.2 High-Speed Cruise (HSC) at Constant Altitude and Speed
14.4.3 Discussion on Cruise Segment
14.5 Endurance (Bizjet)
14.6 Effect of Wind on Aircraft Mission Performance
14.7 Engine Inoperative Situation at Climb and Cruise – Drift-Down Procedure
14.7.1 Engine Inoperative Situation at Climb
14.7.2 Engine Inoperative Situation at Cruise (Figure 14.5)
14.7.3 Point of No-Return and Equal Time Point
14.7.4 Engine Data
14.7.5 Drift-Down in Cruise
14.8 Military Missions
14.8.1 Military Training Mission Profile – Advanced Jet Trainer (AJT)
14.9 Flight Planning by the Operators
References
Chapter 15 Manoeuvre Performance
15.1 Overview
15.2 Introduction
15.3 Aircraft Turn
15.3.1 In Horizontal (Yaw) Plane – Sustained Coordinated Turn
15.3.2 Maximum Conditions for Turn in Horizontal Plane
15.3.3 Minimum Radius of Turn in Horizontal Plane
15.3.4 Turning in Vertical (Pitch) Plane
15.3.5 In Pitch-Yaw Plane – Climbing Turn in Helical Path
15.4 Classwork Example – AJT
15.5 Aerobatics Manoeuvre
15.5.1 Lazy-8 in Horizontal Plane
15.5.2 Chandelle
15.5.3 Slow Roll
15.5.4 Hesitation Roll
15.5.5 Barrel Roll
15.5.6 Loop in Vertical Plane
15.5.7 Immelmann – Roll at the Top in the Vertical Plane
15.5.8 Stall Turn in Vertical Plane
15.5.9 Cuban-Eight in Vertical Plane
15.5.10 Pugachev’s Cobra Movement
15.6 Combat Manoeuvre
15.6.1 Basic Fighter Manoeuvre
15.7 Discussion on Turn
References
Chapter 16 Aircraft Sizing and Engine Matching
16.1 Overview
16.2 Introduction
16.3 Theory
16.3.1 Sizing for Takeoff Field Length – Two Engines
16.3.2 Sizing for the Initial Rate of Climb (All Engines Operating)
16.3.3 Sizing to Meet Initial Cruise
16.3.4 Sizing for Landing Distance
16.4 Coursework Exercises: Civil Aircraft Design (Bizjet)
16.4.1 Takeoff
16.4.2 Initial Climb
16.4.3 Cruise
16.4.4 Landing
16.5 Sizing Analysis: Civil Aircraft (Bizjet)
16.5.1 Variants in the Family of Aircraft Design
16.5.2 Example: Civil Aircraft
16.6 Classroom Exercise – Military Aircraft (AJT)
16.6.1 Takeoff
16.6.2 Initial Climb
16.6.3 Cruise
16.6.4 Landing
16.6.5 Sizing for Turn Requirement of 4 g at Sea-Level
16.7 Sizing Analysis – Military Aircraft
16.7.1 Single Seat Variants
16.8 Aircraft Sizing Studies and Sensitivity Analyses
16.8.1 Civil Aircraft Sizing Studies
16.8.2 Military Aircraft Sizing Studies
16.9 Discussion
16.9.1 The AJT
References
Chapter 17 Operating Costs
17.1 Overview
17.2 Introduction
17.3 Aircraft Cost and Operational Cost
17.3.1 Manufacturing Cost
17.3.2 Operating Cost
17.4 Aircraft Direct Operating Cost (DOC)
17.4.1 Formulation to Estimate DOC
17.4.2 Worked Example of DOC – Bizjet
17.5 Aircraft Performance Management (APM)
17.5.1 Methodology
17.5.2 Discussion – the Broader Issues
References
Chapter 18 Miscellaneous Considerations
18.1 Overview
18.2 Introduction
18.3 History of the FAA
18.3.1 Code of Federal Regulations
18.3.2 The Role of Regulation
18.4 Flight Test
18.5 Contribution of the Ground Effect on Takeoff
18.6 Flying in Adverse Environments
18.6.1 Adverse Environment as Loss of Visibility
18.6.2 Adverse Environment Due to Aerodynamic and Stability/Control Degradation
18.7 Bird Strikes
18.8 Military Aircraft Flying Hazards and Survivability
18.9 Relevant Civil Aircraft Statistics
18.9.1 Maximum Takeoff Mass versus Operational Empty Mass
18.9.2 MTOM versus Fuel Load, Mf
18.9.3 MTOM versus Wing Area, SW
18.9.4 MTOM versus Engine Power
18.9.5 Empennage Area versus Wing Area
18.9.6 Wing Loading versus Aircraft Span
18.10 Extended Twin-Engine Operation (ETOP)
18.11 Flight and Human Physiology
References
Appendex A Conversions
Appendex B International Standard Atmosphere Table
Appendex C Fundamental Equations
C.1 Kinetics
C.2 Thermodynamics
C.3 Aerodynamics
C.3.1 Normal Shock
C.3.2 Oblique Shock
Appendex D Airbus 320 Class Case Study
D.1 Dimensions
D.2 Drag Computation
D.2.1 Fuselage
D.2.2 Wing
D.2.3 Vertical Tail
D.2.4 Horizontal Tail
D.2.5 Nacelle, CFn
D.2.6 Thrust Reverser Drag
D.2.7 Pylon
D.2.8 Roughness Effect
D.2.9 Trim Drag
D.2.10 Aerial and Other Protrusions
D.2.11 Air-conditioning
D.2.12 Aircraft Parasite Drag Build-Up Summary and CDpmin
D.2.13 ΔCDp Estimation
D.2.14 Induced Drag, CDi
D.2.15 Total Aircraft Drag
D.2.16 Engine Rating
D.2.17 Weights Breakdown
D.2.18 Payload-Range
D.2.19 Cost Calculations
Appendex E Problem Sets
E.1 The Belfast (B100)
E.1.1 Geometric and Performance Data
E.1.2 The B100 Component Weights
E.2 The AK4
E.2.1 Geometric and Performance Data
E.2.2 The AK4 Component Weights
E.2.3 Drag Coefficient at 5000 ft Altitude
E.3 Problem Assignments
E.3.1 Chapter 1
E.3.2 Chapter 2
E.3.3 Chapter 3
E.3.4 Chapters 4 and 5
E.3.5 Chapter 6
E.3.6 Chapters 7 and 8
E.3.7 Chapter 9
E.3.8 Chapter 10
E.3.9 Chapter 11
E.3.10 Chapter 12
E.3.11 Chapter 13
E.3.12 Chapter 14
E.3.13 Chapter 15
E.3.14 Chapters 16–17
Appendex F Aerofoil Data
Index
EULA