The World of Steel: On the History, Production and Use of a Basic Material

Foreward
Preface
Contents
1 Systematization of Materials
References
2 The Material Steel
2.1 What is Steel?
2.2 The Iron-Carbon Diagram
2.3 Designation System and Classification of Steels
2.4 Selected Steels and Special Materials
2.4.1 Quality Steels
2.4.2 Stainless Steels
2.4.3 Tool Steels (Cold Work, Hot Work, High-Speed Steels)
2.4.4 High-quality Engineering Steels (Hardening, Case Hardening and Nitriding Steels)
2.4.5 Nickel Alloys and Special Materials
2.4.6 Other Steels
References
3 Alloying Elements and Steel Properties
3.1 Properties of Steel
3.1.1 Physical Properties
3.1.2 Mechanical-Technical Properties
3.1.3 Technological Properties
3.1.4 Chemical and Technical Properties
3.1.5 Environmental Properties
3.2 Basics of Alloy Technology
3.3 Chemical Elements in Steel and Their Effect on Steel Properties
3.3.1 Gaseous Elements
3.3.2 Solid Elements – Nonmetals
3.3.3 Solid Elements – Semimetals
3.3.4 Solid Elements – Metals
3.3.5 Accompanying or Trace Elements
References
4 Steelmaking
4.1 From the History of Steel
4.2 Steel Production
4.2.1 Blast Furnace Converter Route
4.2.2 Other Iron Ore Reduction Methods
4.2.3 Electrical Furnace Steelmaking
4.3 Post-Treatment of Steel
4.3.1 Ladle Metallurgy
4.3.2 Remelting Processes
4.4 Primary Forming/Casting
4.4.1 Basics of Casting Steel
4.4.2 Ingot Casting
4.4.3 Continuous Casting
References
5 Forming
5.1 Basics of Metal Forming
5.2 Forming Processes
5.2.1 Forging
5.2.1.1 Basics
5.2.1.2 Open Die Forging
5.2.1.3 Die Forging
5.2.1.4 Coining
5.2.2 Flow pressing
5.2.3 Strand Extruding
5.2.4 Rolling
5.2.4.1 Basics of Rolling
5.2.4.2 Rolling Processes
Longitudinal Rolling
Cross Rolling
Skew Rolling
Other Rolling Methods
5.2.5 Deep Drawing
5.2.6 Hydroforming Process
5.2.7 Internal High Pressure Forming
5.2.8 High-Energy Forming
5.2.9 Drawing
5.2.9.1 Wire Drawing
5.2.9.2 Bar Drawing
5.2.9.3 Tube Drawing
5.2.9.4 Roll-Drawing Process
5.2.10 Special Forming Processes
5.2.10.1 Powder Metallurgy
5.2.10.2 Additive Processes (3D Printing)
References
6 Heat Treatment of Steel
6.1 Remarks
6.2 Heat Treatment Types
6.2.1 Normalizing
6.2.2 Soft Annealing
6.2.3 Recrystallization Annealing
6.2.4 Diffusion Annealing
6.2.5 Solution Annealing
6.2.6 Stress Relieving Annealing
6.2.7 Hardening
6.2.7.1 Transformation Hardening
6.2.7.2 Tempering
6.2.8 Precipitation Hardening
6.2.9 Cold Hardening
6.2.10 Press Hardening
6.3 Plants for Heat Treatment
References
7 Material Testing
7.1 Basics
7.2 Destructive Testing
7.2.1 Tensile Test
7.2.2 Hardness Test
7.2.3 Charpy Impact Test
7.2.4 Analysis Methods for Steel
7.2.4.1 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis
7.2.4.2 Optical Emission Spectrometry
7.2.4.3 Combustion Analysis
7.2.5 Metallography
7.3 Non-Destructive Testing
7.3.1 Ultrasonic Testing
7.3.2 Eddy Current Testing
7.3.3 Visual Inspection
7.3.4 Penetration Test
7.3.5 Magnetic Particle Inspection
7.3.6 Roughness Measurement
7.4 Checking and Measuring
References
8 Manufacturing Processes
8.1 Joining
8.1.1 Material-joining
8.1.2 Force-joining
8.1.3 Form-joining
8.1.4 Joining by Pressing, Casting, Forming
8.2 Coating
8.2.1 Non-Metallic Coatings
8.2.2 Metallic Coatings
8.2.2.1 Hot Dip Coating
8.2.2.2 Electroplating
8.2.2.3 Thermal Spraying
8.2.2.4 Vaporization (Sputtering)
8.2.2.5 Plating
8.3 Machining
8.3.1 Basics
8.3.2 Turning
8.3.3 Milling
8.3.4 Planing, Pushing
8.3.5 Peeling
8.3.6 Grinding
8.3.7 Drilling
8.3.8 Electrical Discharge Machining
8.3.9 Fine Machining
8.3.10 Machining Bar Ends
8.4 Cutting
8.4.1 Shear Cutting
8.4.2 Sawing
8.4.3 Cutoff Grinding
8.4.4 Water Jet Cutting
8.4.5 Thermal Cutting
References
9 Finishing
9.1 Surface Treatment
9.2 Straightening
9.3 Completion, Packaging and Shipping
References
10 By-products and Waste
10.1 Basics
10.2 Exhaust Gas
10.3 Scrap
10.4 Slag
10.5 Other Raw and Waste Materials
References
11 Steel in Everyday Life
References
12 Steel in the Future
References
13 Timeline of Iron and Steel
References
Glossary
Further Reading