The Vitamins: Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health

Front Cover
The Vitamins
The Vitamins: Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface to the Sixth Edition
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK
TO THE HEALTH PROFESSIONAL
TO STUDENTS AND INSTRUCTORS
I - Perspectives on the vitamins in nutrition
1 - What is a vitamin?
Anchoring concepts
Learning objectives
Vocabulary
1. Thinking about vitamins
2. Vitamin: a revolutionary concept
Everyday word or revolutionary concept?
Vitamin or vitamine?
3. An operating definition
Some caveats
4. The recognized vitamins
5. Chapter quiz
2 - Discovery of the vitamins
Anchoring concepts
Learning objectives
Vocabulary
1. Emergence of nutrition as a science
2. Processes of discovery in nutritional science
3. The empirical phase of vitamin discovery
Diseases linked to diet
Ideas prevalent by 1900
Limitations of empirical observations
4. The experimental phase of vitamin discovery
Requirements of nutrition science
Defined diets provided repeatability
Animal models provided relevance
An animal model for beriberi
Serendipity or a keen eye?
Antiberiberi factor is announced
5. The vitamine theory
Defined diets revealed needs for accessory factors
Two lines of inquiry
The lines converge
Funk's theory
Impact of the new concept
More than one accessory factor
Accessory factors prevent disease
Accessory factors the same as vitamines
Elucidation of the vitamines
Crooked paths to discovery
6. Elucidation of the vitamins
New animal model reveals new vitamin: “C”
Fat-soluble A: actually two factors
Vitamin A prevents rickets?
New vitamin: “D”
β-Carotene, a provitamin
Vitamin a linked to vision
The nature of vitamin D
Vitamers D
Multiple identities of water-soluble B
Vitamin B2: a complex of several factors
Vitamin B2 complex yields riboflavin
Vitamin B2 complex yields niacin
Pellagra: an infectious disease?
Impact of an animal model for pellagra
B2 complex yields pyridoxine
B2 complex yields pantothenic acid
A fat-soluble, antisterility factor: vitamin E
A classic Touch in coining tocopherol
Antihemorrhagic factor: vitamin K
Vitamers K
Bios yields biotin
Antianemia factors
Vitamin M?
Factors U and R, and vitamin Bc
Yeast growth related to anemia?
Who's on first?
Derivatives of pteroylglutamic acid
Antipernicious anemia factor
Intrinsic and extrinsic factors
Animal protein factors
Vitamin B12 isolated
Vitamins discovered in only five decades
7. Vitamin terminology
8. Other factors sometimes called vitamins
9. Modern history of the vitamins
10. Chapter quiz
Recommended reading
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Key papers of historical significance
3 - General properties of vitamins
Anchoring concepts
Learning objectives
Vocabulary
1. Vitamin nomenclature
2. Chemical and physical properties of the vitamins
Vitamin stability
3. Physiological utilization of the vitamins
Vitamin absorption
Vitamin transport
Tissue distribution of the vitamins
4. Metabolism of the vitamins
Some vitamins have limited biosynthesis
Most vitamins require metabolic activation
Vitamin binding to proteins
Vitamin excretion
5. Metabolic functions of the vitamins
Vitamins serve five basic functions
6. Vitamin bioavailability
7. Vitamin analysis
8. Chapter quiz
Recommended reading
4 - Vitamin deficiency
Anchoring concepts
Learning objectives
Vocabulary
1. The concept of vitamin deficiency
What is meant by the term vitamin deficiency?
Vitamin deficiencies involve cascades of progressive changes
2. Clinical manifestations of vitamin deficiencies
3. Biochemical lesions of vitamin deficiencies
4. Diagnosing vitamin deficiencies
5. Contexts of vitamin deficiencies
6. Effective interventions
7. Chapter quiz
Recommended reading
II - The individual vitamins
5 - Vitamin A
Anchoring concepts
Learning objectives
Vocabulary
1. Significance of vitamin A
2. Properties of vitamin A
Chemical properties of vitamin A
3. Sources of vitamin A
Foods
Microbiome
Bioavailability
Expressing vitamin A biological activity
4. Vitamin A absorption
Enteric absorption of retinoids
Enteric absorption of provitamin A carotenoids
Mucosal metabolism of retinol
5. Vitamin A transport
Mucosal secretion to chylomicra
Vitamin A storage
Transport of vitamin A to peripheral tissues
Cellular uptake of retinol
Vitamin A in critical tissues
6. Vitamin A metabolism
Metabolic fates of retinol
Metabolic fates of retinal
Metabolic fates of retinoic acid
Vitamin A excretion
7. Metabolic functions of vitamin A
Function of vitamin A in vision
Regulation of gene transcription
Nontranscriptional functions of vitamin A
Antioxidant protection
Physiological effects of vitamin A
8. Biomarkers of vitamin A status
Serum retinol
RBP4
Dose–response tests
Potential confounders
9. Vitamin A requirements
10. Vitamin A deficiency
General deficiency signs
Ocular signs of vitamin A deficiency
11. Other deficiency signs in humans
Signs in animals
Treatment of vitamin A deficiency
12. Other roles of vitamin A in health and disease
Infections
Skin health
Cardiovascular health
Obesity
Cancer
13. Vitamin A toxicity
Hypervitaminosis A
Signs of toxicity
Adverse effects of topical vitamin A
Embryotoxic potential of high levels of vitamin A
Recommended upper limits of exposure
14. Case studies
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
15. Chapter quiz
Recommended reading
6 - Vitamin D
Anchoring concepts
Learning objectives
Vocabulary
1. Significance of vitamin D
2. Properties of vitamin D
Chemical properties of vitamin D
3. Sources of vitamin D
Endogenous biosynthesis of vitamin D3
Food sources of vitamin D
Vitamin D analogs
Vitamin D bioavailability
Expressing vitamin D activities
4. Vitamin D absorption
Dermal absorption
Enteric absorption
5. Vitamin D transport
Cellular uptake
Tissue distribution
6. Vitamin D metabolism
Metabolic activation
Catabolism
Regulation of vitamin D metabolism
7. Metabolic functions of vitamin D
Vitamin D3 as a steroid hormone
Genomic pathways of vitamin D action
Physiological functions of vitamin D
8. Biomarkers of vitamin D status
9. Vitamin D requirements
10. Vitamin D deficiency
Causes of vitamin D deficiency
Signs of vitamin D deficiency
Nonskeletal effects of hypovitaminosis D
Vitamin D deficiency in animals
Responses to treatment
11. Other roles of vitamin D in health and disease
Psoriasis
Multiple sclerosis
Type 2 diabetes
Asthma
Graft acceptance
Cancer
12. Vitamin D toxicity
13. Case studies
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
14. Chapter quiz
Recommended reading
7 - Vitamin E
Anchoring concepts
Learning objectives
Vocabulary
1. Significance of vitamin E
2. Properties of vitamin E
Vitamin E structure
Vitamin E chemistry
Vitamin E stability
Vitamin E biopotency
Expressing vitamin E biological activity
3. Sources of vitamin E
Distribution in foods
4. Vitamin E absorption
Micellar absorption requires fat
Uptake from micelles
5. Vitamin E
Transport
Roles of lipoproteins
Cellular uptake
Tissue vitamin E
6. Vitamin E metabolism
7. Oxidative shortening of the phytyl side chain
β-Oxidation of the chroman ring
Redox cycling
Other metabolism
Excretory metabolites
8. Metabolic functions of vitamin E
Vitamin E as a biological antioxidant
Antioxidant functions of vitamine E
Metabolic functions of vitamin E related to redox balance
Nonantioxidant metabbolic functions of vitamin E
Physiological functions of vitamin E
9. Biomarkers of vitamin E status
Other biomarkers of vitamin E status
10. Vitamin E requirements
11. Vitamin E deficiency
12. Vitamin E deficiency signs in humans
13. Vitamin E deficiency signs in animals
14. Other roles of vitamin E in health and disease
Antiinflammatory effects
Cardiovascular disease
Enhancing management of type 2 diabetes
Minimizing oxidative damage from air pollution and smoking
Protection from ionizing radiation
Protection from altitude sickness
Reducing ischemia–reperfusion injury
Benefits in other conditions
15. Vitamin E toxicity
16. Case studies
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
17. Chapter quiz
Recommended reading
8 - Vitamin K
Anchoring concepts
Learning objectives
Vocabulary
1. Significance of vitamin K
2. Properties of vitamin K
Vitamin K chemistry
Vitamin K biopotency
3. Sources of vitamin K
Biosynthesis by the gut microbiome
Dietary sources
Breast milk
Bioavailability
4. Vitamin K absorption
Micellar solubilization
5. Vitamin K
Transport
Cellular uptake
Tissue distribution
6. Vitamin K metabolism
Side chain modification
Redox cycling
Side-chain catabolism
Vitamin K antagonists
7. Metabolic functions of vitamin K
Vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxylations
Vitamin K-dependent Gla proteins
Physiological functions of Gla proteins
8. Biomarkers of vitamin K status
9. Vitamin K requirements
10. Vitamin K deficiency
Signs of vitamin K deficiency
11. Other roles of vitamin K in health and disease
Obesity–diabetes
COVID-19
12. Vitamin K toxicity
13. Case studies
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
14. Chapter quiz
Recommended reading
9 - Vitamin C
Anchoring concepts
Learning objectives
Vocabulary
1. Significance of vitamin C
2. Properties of vitamin C
Vitamin C chemistry
Vitamin C biopotency
3. Sources of vitamin C
Biosynthesis of ascorbic acid
Evolutionary loss of biosynthetic capacity
Food sources of vitamin C
Stability in foods
Vitamin C bioavailability
4. Vitamin C
Absorption
5. Vitamin C
Transport
Transport in reduced form
Cellular uptake
Tissue distribution
6. Vitamin C
Metabolism
Oxidation
Ascorbate regeneration
Excretion
7. Metabolic functions of vitamin C
Fundamental roles in metabolism
Interactions with other dietary factors
Enzyme cosubstrate functions
Physiological functions of ascorbic acid
8. Biomarkers of vitamin C status
Vitamin C status can be assessed in several ways
9. Vitamin C requirements
10. Vitamin C deficiency
Hypovitaminosis C
Signs of deficiency
Signs in humans
Responses to vitamin C treatment
11. Other roles of vitamin C in health and disease
Protection against oxidative stress
Antihistamine effects
Cardiovascular disease
Cancer
Fractures
Infection
Postsurgical healing
Pain management
Hyperpigmentation
12. Vitamin C toxicity
13. Case studies
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
14. Chapter quiz
Recommended reading
10 - Thiamin
Anchoring concepts
Learning objectives
Vocabulary
1. Significance of thiamin
2. Properties of thiamin
3. Thiamin chemistry
4. Sources of thiamin
Limited hindgut microbial synthesis
Distribution in foods
Stability in foods
Thiamin antagonists
5. Thiamin absorption
6. Thiamin transport
Thiamin bound to proteins
Cellular uptake
Tissue distribution
7. Thiamin metabolism
Phosphorylation–dephosphorylation
Catabolism
Excretion
8. Metabolic functions of thiamin
Cosubstrate functions of thiamin phosphate esters
Coenzyme functions of thiamin pyrophosphate
Physiological functions of thiamin
9. Biomarkers of thiamin status
10. Thiamin requirements
11. Thiamin deficiency
General signs
12. Signs in humans
Deficiency signs in animals
Response to treatment
13. Other roles of thiamin in health and disease
14. Thiamin toxicity
15. Case studies
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
16. Chapter quiz
Recommended reading
11 - Riboflavin
Anchoring concepts
Learning objectives
Vocabulary
1. Significance of riboflavin
2. Properties of riboflavin
Riboflavin chemistry
3. Sources of riboflavin
Hindgut microbial synthesis
Distribution in foods
Supplements
Stability
Bioavailability
4. Riboflavin absorption
Hydrolysis of coenzyme forms
Enteric absorption of free riboflavin
5. Riboflavin transport
Protein carriers
Cellular uptake
Tissue distribution
6. Riboflavin metabolism
Conversion to coenzyme forms
Synthesis of flavoenzymes
Catabolism
Excretion
7. Metabolic functions of riboflavin
Coenzyme functions
Key metabolic roles
Genetic and epigenetic regulation
Physiological functions of riboflavin
Vascular function
Visual function
Erythropoiesis
Neural function
Immune function
Mineral utilization
Anticarcinogenesis
8. Biomarkers of riboflavin status
The eGRac assay
Other biomarkers
9. Riboflavin requirements
10. Riboflavin deficiency
Causes
Subclinical riboflavin deficiency
General signs
Signs in humans
Signs in animals
11. Other roles of riboflavin in health and disease
Migraine
Multiple sclerosis
Cancer
Malaria
12. Riboflavin toxicity
13. Case study
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
14. Chapter quiz
Recommended reading
12 - Niacin
Anchoring concepts
Learning objectives
Vocabulary
1. Significance of niacin
2. Properties of niacin
Niacin chemistry
3. Sources of niacin
Limited hindgut microbial synthesis
De novo synthesis from tryptophan
Roles of other dietary factors
Food sources of niacin
Stability
Bioavailability
4. Niacin absorption
Digestion of pyridine nucleotides
Facilitated absorption
5. Niacin transport
Free in plasma
Cellular uptake
Tissue storage
6. Niacin metabolism
NAD salvage
Catabolism
Excretion
7. Metabolic functions of niacin
Enzyme cosubstrate functions
NAD+ as a neurotransmitter
Genomic stabilization
Signaling
Physiological functions of niacin
Neurocognitive function
8. Biomarkers of niacin status
9. Niacin requirements
10. Niacin deficiency
General signs of deficiency
Signs in humans
Response to treatment
Signs in animals
11. Other roles of niacin in health and disease
Cardiovascular health
Type 2 diabetes
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Hyperphosphatemia
Skin diseases
Lung Health
Cancer
Other effects
12. Niacin toxicity
Nicotinic acid
Nicotinamide
13. Case studies
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
14. Chapter quiz
Recommended reading
13 - Vitamin B6
Anchoring concepts
Learning objectives
Vocabulary
1. Significance of vitamin B6
2. Properties of vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 chemistry
3. Sources of vitamin B6
Hindgut microbial synthesis
Distribution in foods
Stability
Bioavailability
4. Vitamin B6 absorption
Digestion of food forms
Two means of absorption
5. Vitamin B6 transport
Portal circulation to the liver
Plasma circulation
Cellular uptake
Tissue distribution
6. Vitamin B6 metabolism
Interconversion of vitamers
Catabolism
Excretion
7. Metabolic functions of vitamin B6
Modulation of gene expression
Coenzyme function
Physiological Functions of vitamin B6
Support of neurologic function
Support of cardiovascular function
Support of immune function
Support of glycemic control
Anticarcinogenesis
8. Biomarkers of vitamin B6 status
Plasma metabolites
Erythrocyte tests
Urine tests
Load tests
Potential confounders
9. Vitamin B6 requirements
10. Vitamin B6 deficiency
Privational causes
Nonprivational causes
Vitamin B6-dependent hereditary disorders
General signs of vitamin B6 deficiency
Signs in humans
Signs in animals
11. Other roles of vitamin B6 in health and disease
Sickle cell anemia
Iron storage disease
Adverse drug effects
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Type 2 diabetes
Monosodium glutamate sensitivity106106``Chinese Restaurant'' syndrome.
Premenstrual syndrome
Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy
12. Vitamin B6 toxicity
13. Case studies
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
14. Chapter quiz
Recommended reading
14 - Biotin
Anchoring concepts
Learning objectives
Vocabulary
1. Significance of biotin
2. Properties of biotin
Biotin chemistry
3. Sources of biotin
Hindgut microbial synthesis
Distribution in foods
Stability
Bioavailability
4. Biotin absorption
Digestion of protein-bound biotin
Two general means of absorption
Biotin can also be absorbed by passive diffusion
Biotin transport
Transport in plasma
Cellular uptake
Tissue distribution
5. Biotin
Metabolism
Linkage to apoenzymes
Recycling the vitamin
Catabolism
Excretion
6. Metabolic functions of biotin
Coenzyme function
Modulation of gene expression
Other biotin-containing proteins
Physiological functions of biotin
7. Biomarkers of biotin status
Carboxylase assays
Blood and urinary metabolites
8. Biotin requirements
9. Biotin deficiency
Privational causes
Nonprivational causes
Signs of biotin deficiency
Signs in humans
Signs in animals
10. Other roles of biotin in health and disease
Multiple sclerosis
Sudden infant death syndrome
Valproic acid side effects
Muscle cramps in hemodialysis patients
11. Biotin toxicity
12. Case studies
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
13. Chapter quiz
Recommended reading
15 - Pantothenic acid
Anchoring concepts
Learning objectives
Vocabulary
1. Significance of pantothenic acid
2. Properties of pantothenic acid
Pantothenic acid chemistry
3. Sources of pantothenic acid
Hindgut microbial synthesis
Distribution in foods
Stability
Bioavailability
4. Pantothenic acid absorption
Hydrolysis of coenzyme forms
Two means of absorption
5. Pantothenic acid transport
Plasma and erythrocytes
Cellular uptake
Tissue distribution
6. Pantothenic acid metabolism
Coenzyme A synthesis
Acyl-CoA synthesis
Acyl carrier protein synthesis
Recycling
Excretion
Disorders of pantothenic acid metabolism
7. Metabolic functions of pantothenic acid
Coenzyme functions
Physiological functions of pantothenic acid
8. Biomarkers of pantothenic acid status
9. Pantothenic acid requirements
10. Pantothenic acid deficiency
Privational causes
Nonprivational causes
Signs of pantothenic acid deficiency
Signs in humans
Signs in animals
11. Other roles of pantothenic acid in health and disease
Reduced serum cholesterol level
Rheumatoid arthritis
Wound healing
Facial acne
Lupus
Pantothenic acid inhibitors as antibiotics
Unverified claims
12. Pantothenic acid toxicity
13. Case studies
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
14. Chapter quiz
Recommended reading
16 - Folate
Anchoring concepts
Learning objectives
Vocabulary
1. Significance of folate
2. Properties of folate
Folate nomenclature
Folate chemistry
3. Sources of folate
Synthesis by the gut microbiome
Distribution in foods
Folate fortification and supplementation
Stability
Bioavailability
4. Folate absorption
5. Folate transport
Erythrocytes
Free in plasma
Protein bound in plasma
Cellular uptake
Tissue distribution
6. Folate metabolism
Reduction of the pteridine ring
Reaction of the side chain
Acquisition of single-C moieties
Catabolism
Excretion
Polymorphisms of enzymes in folate metabolism
Effects of drugs
7. Metabolic functions of folate
Single-carbon metabolism
The methyl-folate trap
Nucleotide metabolism
Physiological functions
8. Biomarkers of folate status
Approaches for the assessment of folate status
9. Folate requirements
10. Folate deficiency
Privational causes
Nonprivational causes
Metabolic impairments
General signs of folate deficiency
Signs in humans
Low folate status
Signs in animals
11. Other roles of folate in health and disease
Pernicious anemia
Homocysteinemia
Sickle cell disease
Hyperuricemia
Malaria
Arsenicosis
12. Folate toxicity
13. Case studies
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
14. Chapter quiz
Recommended reading
17 - Vitamin B12
Anchoring concepts
Learning objectives
Vocabulary
1. Significance of vitamin B12
2. Properties of vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 nomenclature
Vitamin B12 chemistry
3. Sources of vitamin B12
Synthesis by microbes
Distribution in foods
Vegetarian Diets
Breast milk
Stability
Bioavailability
4. Vitamin B12 absorption
Digestion
Protein binding
Mechanisms of absorption
5. Vitamin B12 transport
Transport proteins
Cellular uptake
Intracellular protein binding
Congenital disorders of vitamin B12 absorption and transport
Distribution in tissues
6. Vitamin B12 metabolism
Intracellular trafficking
Activation to the coenzyme forms
Catabolism
Excretion
Enterohepatic circulation of vitamin B12
Congenital disorders of vitamin B12 metabolism
7. Metabolic functions of vitamin B12
Coenzyme functions
Interrelationships with folate
Physiological functions of vitamin B12
8. Biomarkers of vitamin B12 status
Serum/plasma vitamin B12
Serum/plasma HoloTC109109The ligand saturation of TC is not useful as a biomarker of vitamin B12 status, as apoTC (normally ...
Serum/plasma/urine methylmalonic acid
Distinguishing deficiencies of vitamin B12 and folate
9. Vitamin B12 requirements
10. Vitamin B12 deficiency
Privational causes
Nonprivational causes
General signs of deficiency
Signs in humans
Low vitamin B12 status
Signs in animals
Response to treatment
11. Other roles of vitamin B12 in health and disease
Neuropathic pain therapy
Cyanide binding
12. Vitamin B12 toxicity
13. Case studies
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
14. Chapter quiz
Recommended reading
18 - Quasi-vitamins
Anchoring concepts
Learning objectives
Vocabulary
1. Is the list of vitamins complete?
Conditionally essential nutrients
2 Choline
Recognition of a role of choline in nutrition
Chemical properties of choline
Choline biosynthesis
Conditions of need for dietary choline
Dietary sources of choline
Absorption and transport of choline
Choline metabolism
Genetic disorders of choline metabolism
Metabolic functions of choline
Physiological functions of choline
Choline deficiency
Recommended choline intakes
Biomarkers of choline status
Choline toxicity
3. Carnitine
Recognition of a nutritional role of carnitine
Chemical properties of carnitine
Carnitine biosynthesis
Conditions of need for dietary carnitine
Dietary sources of carnitine
Absorption and transport of carnitine
Carnitine metabolism
Metabolic functions of carnitine
Physiological functions of carnitine
Biomarkers of carnitine status
Carnitine safety
4. myo-Inositol
Recognition of a nutritional role of myo-inositol
Chemical nature
Biosynthesis of myo-inositol
Conditions of need for dietary myo-inositol
Dietary sources of myo-inositol
Absorption and transport of myo-inositol
Metabolism of myo-inositol
Congenital defects in myo-inositol metabolism
Metabolic functions of myo-inositol
Physiological effects of myo-inositol
Support of neurological function
Support of healthy pregnancy
Biomarkers of myo-inositol status
Safety of myo-inositol
5. Ubiquinones
Recognition of nutritional roles of ubiquinones
Chemical nature of the ubiquinones
Conditions of need for dietary ubiquinones
Conditions limiting ubiquinone biosynthesis
Conditions increasing ubiquinone need
Dietary sources of ubiquinones
Absorption and transport of ubiquinones
Metabolism of ubiquinones
Metabolic functions of ubiquinones
Physiological effects of ubiquinones
Biomarkers of ubiquinone status
Safety of ubiquinones
6. Lipoic acid
Chemical nature of lipoic acid
Conditions limiting lipoic acid biosynthesis
Dietary sources of lipoic acid
Absorption and transport of lipoic acid
Metabolism of lipoic acid
Metabolic functions of lipoic acid
Physiological functions of lipoic acid
Biomarkers of lipoic acid status
Safety of lipoic acid
Beneficial bioactive factors
7. Nonprovitamin A carotenoids
Benefits of nonprovitamin A carotenoids
Chemical properties of nonprovitamin A carotenoids
Dietary sources of nonprovitamin A carotenoids
Absorption and transport of nonprovitamin A carotenoids
Metabolism of nonprovitamin A carotenoids
Metabolic functions of nonprovitamin A carotenoids
Physiological functions of nonprovitamin A carotenoids
Biomarkers of nonprovitamin A carotenoid status
Recommended intakes
Safety of nonprovitamin A carotenoids
8. Flavonoids
Recognition of nutritional roles of flavonoids
Benefits of dietary flavonoids
Chemical properties of flavonoids
Dietary sources
Absorption and transport of flavonoids
Metabolism of flavonoids
Metabolic effects of flavonoids
Enzyme modulation. flavonoids can affect the activities of many enzymes
Physiological effects of flavonoids
Biomarkers of flavonoid status
Flavonoid safety
9. Unidentified factors
10. Case studies
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
Case 6
11. Chapter quiz
Recommended reading
III - Using current knowledge of the vitamins
19 - Sources of the vitamins
Anchoring concepts
Learning objectives
Vocabulary
1. Vitamins in foods and feedstuffs
Vitamin content data
Core foods for vitamins
Vitamins in staple foods
Predicting vitamin contents of foods and feedstuffs
Accounting for variation in vitamin contents
2. Vitamin bioavailability
Extrinsic factors
Intrinsic factors
3. Vitamin losses in foods
4. Adding vitamins to foods
Purified vitamins
Vitamin formulations
Vitamin markets
Addition of vitamins to foods
Stabilities of vitamins added to foods
5. Biofortification
6. Vitamin labeling of foods
7. Vitamins in human diets
Vitamin intakes from foods
Vitamins in breast milk and formula foods
8. Vitamin supplementation
Guidelines for supplement use
9. Vitamins in livestock feeding
Vitamins in animal feeds
Losses of vitamins from feedstuffs and finished feeds
Vitamin premixes for animal feeds
Stabilities of vitamins in feeds
10. Case study
11. Chapter quiz
Recommended reading
20 - Assessing vitamin status
Anchoring concepts
Learning objectives
Vocabulary
1. Nutritional assessment
Approaches to nutritional assessment
Methods of nutritional assessment
2. Biomarkers of vitamin status
Biomarkers
Reserve capacities of vitamins
3. Vitamin status of human populations
National nutrition surveillance
4. Global undernutrition
Case study
5. Chapter quiz
Recommended reading
21 - Vitamin needs
Anchoring concepts
Learning objectives
Vocabulary
1. Dietary standards for vitamins
Purposes of dietary standards
Determining nutrient requirements
Factors affecting vitamin needs
Developing vitamin allowances
Differences between requirements and allowances
The RDA concept
Considering nonclassical functions of nutrients
New paradigms for nutrition
Reconstructing the RDA
2. Vitamin allowances for humans
History of dietary standards
DRIs
International standards
3. Vitamin allowances for animals
Public versus private data
4. Case study
Case 1
Case 2
5. Chapter quiz
Recommended reading
22 - Vitamin safety
Anchoring concepts
Learning objectives
Vocabulary
1. Uses of vitamins above required levels
Typical uses exceed requirements
2. Safe intakes of vitamins
Quantifying safe intakes
Safe vitamin intakes
3. Hypervitaminoses
Factors affecting vitamin toxicity
Signs and symptoms of hypervitaminoses
4. Case studies
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
5. Chapter quiz
Recommended reading
A - Current and Obsolete Designations of Vitamins and Vitamin-Like Factors (Designations in current use are bolded)
CURRENT AND OBSOLETE DESIGNATIONS OF VITAMINS AND VITAMIN-LIKE FACTORS (DESIGNATIONS IN CURRENT USE ARE BOLDED)
B - Original reports used for case studies
C - A core of current vitamin literature
D - Vitamin contents of foods (units per 100 g edible portion)
E - Vitamin contents of feedstuffs (units per kg)
F - 20 Questions to examine vitamin knowledge
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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