The Vision Zero Handbook: Theory, Technology and Management for a Zero Casualty Policy

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Part I: Ideas and Principles
1 Vision Zero and Other Road Safety Targets
Introduction
A Brief History of Goal-Setting in Road Safety Management
Why Use Quantified Goals in Road Safety Management?
When Is a Road Safety Target Rational?
Precision
Evaluability
Approachability
Motivity
Balancing the Criteria
Rationality Criteria for Systems of Goals
Completeness
The Number of Targets
Consistency
Why Does a Road Safety Target Have to Be Stable Over Time?
Who Should Be Involved in the Goal-Setting Process?
What About Contextual Rationality Aspects?
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
2 Zero Visions and Other Safety Principles
Introduction
The ``Zero Family´´
Zero Defects
Workplace Safety
Traffic Safety
Crime Prevention
Preventive Medicine
Environmental Protection
Disarmament
Comparisons
Realism
The Zero Object
The Zero Subject
Improvement Principles
Continuous Improvement
As Low as Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)
Best Available Technology (BAT)
Summary
Aspiration Principles
Risk Limits
Exposure Limits
Process and Equipment Regulations
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Individual Cost-Benefit Analysis
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Hypothetical Retrospection
Summary
Error Tolerance Principles
Fail-Safety
Inherent Safety
The Substitution Principle
Safety Factors
Multiple Safety Barriers
Redundancy
Summary
Evidence Evaluation Principles
The Precautionary Principle
A Reversed Burden of Proof
Risk Neutrality
``Sound Science´´
Summary
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
3 Arguments Against Vision Zero: A Literature Review
Introduction
Vision Zero: What It Is
Vision Zero as a Goal
Vision Zero as a Strategy
Vision Zero as New Responsibilities
Four Central Assumptions of Vision Zero
Ethical Assumption: ``It Can Never Be Ethically Acceptable That People Are Killed or Seriously Injured When Moving Within the ...
Empirical Assumption: Human Fallibility Is Unavoidable and Therefore Has to be Taken into Account in Traffic Safety Work
Operational Assumption: The Ultimate Responsibility for Traffic Safety Should be Assigned to System Designers
Empirical Assumption: Technology Can Solve Most Road Traffic Safety Problems
Moral Criticism
``It Is Morally Misguided to Strive for a World Free from Suffering´´
``It Is Not Ethically Unjustified That People Die on the Roads´´
``Safety Should Not Have Higher Priority than Everything Else´´
``It Is Immoral to Focus Only on Fatal and Serious Injuries´´
``Vision Zero Is Paternalistic´´
``Vision Zero Goes Contrary to Equity and Social Justice´´
Rationality-Based Criticism
``Vision Zero Is Unrealistic´´
``Vision Zero Is Too Imprecise´´
``Vision Zero Is Counterproductive and Self-Defeating´´
Operational Criticism
``Accident Statistics Do Not Provide a Reliable Picture of the Safety Level´´
``Vision Zero Neglects the Probability of Accidents´´
``Too Little Responsibility Is Assigned to Drivers´´
``Too Little Responsibility Is Assigned to System Designers´´
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
4 What Is a Vision Zero Policy? Lessons from a Multi-sectoral Perspective
Introduction
Theoretical and Analytical Framework
Governing by Visions
Turning Visions into Policies and Goals
Policy Content as a Framework for Description and Analysis
The Five Vision Zero Policies
Vision Zero for Road Traffic Safety
Vision Zero for Fire Safety
Vision Zero for Patient Safety
The Vision Zero for Suicide
The Vision Zero for Workplace Safety
Analyzing Differences and Similarities in Vision Zero Components
Problem Framing
Monitoring and Surveillance
Means, Programs, and Governing Structures
Discussion
Are There Discernable Determinants for a Vision Zero and for It Being Successful?
Building the Vision Zero Ship at Sea?
A Conceptual Distinction
Cross-References
References
5 Responsibility in Road Traffic
Introduction
What Is Responsibility?
Causality
The Multiplicity of Causal Factors
The Insufficiency of Cause-Effect Relationships
Agent Causality
Causes with Moral Foundations
The Politics of Causality
Responsibility in Road Traffic
The Traditional Approach
Vision Zero
Self-Driving Cars
Institutional and Professional Responsibility
Cross-References
References
6 Liberty, Paternalism, and Road Safety
Introduction
Paternalism and Liberty
Defining the Term
How Bad Is Benevolence?
What Options Can We Forbear?
Sanitation
Workplace Safety
Seat Belts
Helmets
Drunk Driving
Speeding
Conclusions
The Significance of Human Connectedness
Combined Causes and Extended Anti-paternalism
Herd Effects: How We All Influence Each Other
Driver Assistance and Self-driving Cars
In Conclusion: Vision Zero
Cross-References
References
Part II: Vision Zero: An International Movement for Traffic Safety
7 Vision Zero: How It All Started
Introduction
So Where Is the Starting Point?
The Ethical Rules of a Road Transport System Provider
The Simple Model to Save Lives, Including Illustrations
The ``Solutions´´ to Improve Safety
How the Initiatives Were Shown: The Tylösand Story
The Government Investigation and the Parliamentary Decision
The Crash Tests
The 2 + 1 Roads
The Australian Story
The Rhetoric and Illustrations of VZ
The Integrated Safety Chain
What Was Achieved and What Did Not Happen
The Criticism
The Society of Economics
The ``Nanny State´´ and the Paternalism
Discussion
Reflections
Cross-References
References
8 Vision Zero in Sweden: Streaming Through Problems, Politics, and Policies
Introduction
Theoretical Considerations on Agenda Setting
Multiple Streams Leading to the Adoption of Vision Zero, Adopted by the Swedish Parliament in 1997
The Logic and Approach of Vision Zero
Problem Stream
Political Stream
Policy Stream
Policy Window Opens Up
Vision Zero: Continued Action for Road Safety, 1998-2004
Problem Stream
Political Stream
Policy Stream
Policy Window Opens Up
Discussion
Epilogue
References
9 Vision Zero in Norway
Introduction
Fatality Trends Before and After Vision Zero
Demand for Updated Knowledge
A New Forum for Road Safety Policymaking
Quantified Road Safety Targets and Management by Objectives
Converting Roads to Motorways or 2+1 Roads
New Speed Limit Policy
Criteria and Design Standards for Guardrails
Other Developments
Discussion and Conclusions
References
10 Sustainable Safety: A Short History of a Safe System Approach in the Netherlands
Introduction
Road Safety in the Netherlands: A Success Story
Causes of Crashes
Start of the Dutch Safe System Approach: Sustainable Safety. National Road Safety Outlook for 1990-2010
Advancing Sustainable Safety: National Road Safety Outlook for 2005-2020
Sustainable Safety the Third Edition: The Advanced Vision for 2018-2030
Road Safety Principles of the Third Edition
Epilogue
Reflections on 30 Years Sustainable Safety
The Future of Sustainable Safety in the Netherlands
Sustainable Safety in International Perspective
Sustainable Safety: Fourth Edition or a Next Paradigm?
References
11 Vision Zero in Germany
Adoption and Basic Principles (Christian Kellner, Ute Hammer DVR)
Increase in Targeted Traffic Enforcement
Adaptation of Maximum Speeds
Prevention of Accidents with Trees
Improvement of Safety for Motorcyclists
Increased Safety Through Improvements of the Infrastructure
Promotion of Driver Assistance Systems, Automation, and Networked Driving
Increased Safety for Pedestrians and Cyclists
Prevention of Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol and Drugs
Improved Qualification of Novice Drivers
Reduction of Hazards Due to Distractions
Political Implementation (Guido Zielke BMVI)
Research for Safe Cities (Clemens Klinke DEKRA)
Munich: A City on Its Way to Vision Zero (Matthias Mück and Martin Schreiner, Mobility Department, City of Munich)
Improvement of the Data Basis
Systematic Mitigation of Accident Black Spots
Strong Prevention Work
The Need for Technology Assessment: E-scooters as an Example (Kurt Bodewig DVW)
The Need for Technology Assessment: E-scooters as an Example
References
12 Vision Zero in Poland
Introduction
State of Poland´s Road Safety
Changes Between 1988 and 2019
The Situation in 2018
Key Road Safety Problems
Poland´s Road Safety Programs
General Characteristics of Road Safety Programs
Detailed Characteristics of Road Safety Programs
Integrated Road Safety Program GAMBIT 1996 (I NRSP)
Poland´s Road Safety Program for the Years 2001-2010 GAMBIT 2000 (II NRSP)
National Road Safety Program for the Years 2005-2007-2013 GAMBIT 2005 (III NRSP)
Road Safety Program for the Years 2007-2013 - GAMBIT National Roads
National Road Safety Program until 2020 - NRSP 2020 (IV NRSP)
Role of Research
Role of International Cooperation
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Poland´s Road Safety Programs
Prospects for Poland´s Vision Zero
Possible Scenarios
Estimating the Expected Effects of the Scenarios, if Delivered
Guidelines and Recommendations for New Road Safety Programs
Summary
References
13 Vision Zero in Lithuania
Introduction
Overview of Previous Programs to Improve Road Safety in Lithuania
Needs for Building Strategic Directions
Selection of Specific Measures for Traffic Safety Improvement and Evaluation of Its Efficiency
First Priority: Safer Behavior of Road Users
Compliance with Permitted and Safe Speed
Public Intolerance of Drunk Driving
No Use of Mobile Devices
Use of Reflective Elements
Use of Seat Belts in Rear Seats and Child Seats
Higher Driving Culture and More Responsible Pedestrian Behavior
Second Priority: Safer Roads
Third Priority: Safer Vehicles
Fourth Priority: More Efficient Rescue Assistance After a Road Crash
Rail Transport and Road Traffic Safety
Conclusions
References
14 Vision Zero in EU Policy: An NGO Perspective
Introduction
Sweden´s Vision Zero: Not Just Zero Fatalities and Zero Serious Injuries
Vision Zero Philosophy
Driving Mechanisms for Change
The Four Key Elements of Vision Zero
EU Decision-Making in Road Safety
Policymaking: A Cyclical Process
The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
The European Union´s Legal Acts
Strategies, Work Programs, Conclusions and Own-Initiative Reports
The Ordinary Legislative Procedure
Implementing Measures
Roots of Vision Zero in Europe 1984-2000
2001-2010: The First Numerical Target to Reduce Road Deaths - Still No Vision Zero
The Third Action Program in 2003 and ETSC´s Response
2004: The European Parliament Proposes to Endorse Vision Zero for the First Time
The Verona Process: Commitment of the Transport Council on Road Safety 2003-2006
ETSC PIN Program
2006: Mid-term Review of the Transport White Paper and the Fourth Road Safety Action Program
Ahead of the Adoption of Vision Zero in 2011
Adoption of the Third Road Safety Action Program in 2010
The Groundbreaking Adoption of Vision Zero in the 2011 Transport White Paper
Vision Zero Supported by the European Parliament
Corporate Sustainability Reporting
Mid-term Review of the Transport White Paper and Road Safety Policy Orientations
The Adoption of an EU Serious Injury Target and Its Importance for Vision Zero in Europe
The Valletta Declaration and the Adoption of an EU Serious Injury Target
EU Road Safety Action Policy Framework: Next Steps Towards Vision Zero
Ethics
Shared Responsibility
Philosophy of Safety
Mechanisms for Change
Renewal of Vision Zero plus the Safe System Approach: Is This Enough to Deliver Vision Zero in Europe?
Examples of Vision Zero in Action at EU Level
Adoption of the General Safety Regulation on Minimum Vehicle Safety Standards in the EU
Adoption of the Infrastructure Safety Directive
Conclusion
References
15 The Development of the ``Vision Zero´´ Approach in Victoria, Australia
Introduction
The Years Before Vision Zero
Early Years
Safety in the 1970s and the Haddon Matrix
Behavioral Approaches Predominate Throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s
Establishment of MUARC
The Beginning of Towards Zero
Moving Beyond Behavioral Approaches
Introducing Vision Zero and Safe System to Victorian Decision-Makers
Use of Safe System Across Australia
Implementing a Safe System in the 2000s
Early Implementation of Safe System
Advancing Vehicle Safety
Investing in Safe Infrastructure
Towards Zero
Adopting the Vision Zero Principles
Adopting Towards Zero
Public Education and Towards Zero
Community Support for Towards Zero
Adoption of Towards Zero Approach Across Australia
Implications for the Future
Challenges Remain
Road Safety Management
Reporting and Accountability
Future Challenges and Opportunities
How to Improve Speed Management and Road Infrastructure?
Realizing the Benefits of Safer and Autonomous Vehicles
Improved Data and Research
Conclusion
References
16 Vision Zero on Federal Level in Canada
Introduction
Overview of Canada
Federal, Provincial, or Territorial Structure
Government Structures
Road Safety Efforts Leading up to Vision Zero in Canada
Overview of Vision Zero in Canada
Vision Zero National/Federal
Transport Canada
Overall Level of Road Safety
Impaired Driving
Distracted Driving
Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs)
Heavy Commercial Vehicles
Automated and Connected Vehicles
Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators Road Safety Strategy 2025
Canadian Association of Road Safety Professionals: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Vision Zero
Transportation Association of Canada: Road Safety and Vision Zero
Traffic Injury Research Foundation: Strategies to Support Vision Zero in Canada
Parachute: Vision Zero Network
Canadian Research Related to Vision Zero
Active Transportation and Safe School Zones
Impaired Driving
Road Safety Countermeasures
Vulnerable Road Users (VRU)
Vision Zero Implementation
British Columbia
Background
Vision Zero in British Columbia
Countermeasures
Collaborative Projects
Enforcement
Adapting to the Environment
Summary
Role of Partners
Alberta
City of Edmonton
Background
Vision Zero Edmonton
Countermeasures
Engineering
Education
Enforcement
Evaluation
Engagement
Summary
Role of Partners
City of Calgary
Background
Vision Zero in Calgary
Countermeasures
Community Traffic Safety Meetings
Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacons
Traffic Calming Policy and Investment in Changing Infrastructure
Harmonization of School Zones and Playground Zones
Review of Neighborhood Speed Limits
Role of Partners
City of Fort Saskatchewan
Background
Vision Zero
Countermeasures
Education
Enforcement
Engineering
Evaluation
Engagement
Summary
Role of Partners
Ontario
City of Toronto
Background
Vision Zero in Toronto
Vision Zero 2.0
Countermeasures
Programs, Initiatives, and Strategies
Enhanced Enforcement
Educational and Awareness Campaigns
Pavement Markings
Traffic Control Signal Changes and Enhancements
Speed Management
Data-Analysis and Safety Assessments
Summary
Role of Partners
Québec
Ville de Montréal
Background
Vision Zero in Montréal: Three Goals to Achieve Best Practices
Four Keys to Vision Zero Success: The Montréal Vision Zero Action Plan Has Them All!
Summary
Role of Partners
Looking Toward the Future
References
17 Adoption of Safe Systems in the United States
Introduction
Early Consideration
Focus on Zero
Initial Steps
Vision Zero Cities
The Beginning of a National Movement
Formulating a Long-Term Vision
The Road to Zero Vision
Expansion of Vision Zero Cities
Differences Between Local-Level Vision Zero & State-Level Toward Zero Deaths Efforts
Promoting and Facilitating Further Safe Systems Adoption in the U.S.
Vision Zero Network
Safe Systems Work Group
Safe Systems Academic Center
Federal Leadership and Support
Focus on Children
New Approach: New Expectations
References
18 Establishing Vision Zero in New York City: The Story of a Pioneer
Introduction
Policy Change
Levels of Policy Change
Multiple Streams
The Problem Stream
The Policy Stream
The Political Stream
The Program Stream
Research Design
Vision Zero in New York City
The Road Safety Problem in New York City
Problem Entrepreneurs
The Introduction and Development of the Vision Zero Policy
Policy Entrepreneurs
The Political Process
Political Entrepreneurs
The Vision Zero Program
Program Entrepreneurs
Analysis and Conclusions
Problem Stream
Policy Stream
Political Stream
Program Stream
Discussion
What Kind of Vision Zero?
Learning from a Big City Experience
Cross-References
References
19 Traffic Safety in India and Vision Zero
Introduction
National Road Traffic Injury Fatality Rate
Ranking in Causes of Death and Population Health
International Comparison
Analysis of Data at the National Level
National Fatality Rates
Estimates of Modal Share of RTI Fatalities in India
RTI in Urban Areas
RTI Details for Selected Cities
RTI Victims and Impacting Vehicles
RTI on Intercity Highways
RTI Patterns on Highways
Road Safety Policies and Enabling Legislation in India
Can Current Safety Knowledge Lead to Vision Zero in India?
The Approach to Reduction in Road Traffic Fatalities Estimation
Intervention 1: Vehicle Safety Regulations in India
Intervention 2: Regulations Regarding Use of Seat Belts and Helmets
Methodology of Estimation of Effectiveness of Intervention
Calculation of Scenarios to Achieve SDG 3.6
Vehicle Crashworthiness Standards (ECE and NCAP) for Promoting Road Safety Worldwide
Relationship Between MTW Share in Vehicle Fleet, Pedestrian Exposure, and Fatalities
Safety Standards for Vehicles Other than Cars (Not Covered by NCAP at Present)
Safety of Para-Transit Vehicles (Three-Wheeled Scooter Taxis)
Designs and Specifications
Conclusions
References
20 Vision Zero in the United Nations
Introduction
Road Safety in the United Nations and Its Specialized Agencies Before Vision Zero
Road Safety in the United Nations and Its Specialized Agencies After Vision Zero
Vision Zero in the United Nations Road Safety Documents and Programs
Conclusion
References
21 Towards a Potential Paradigm Shift: The Role of Vision Zero in Global Road Safety Policy Making
Introduction
How Do New Ideas and Policy Choices Enter and Consolidate on a Global Level?
Global Policy Diffusion
Global Policymaking and Agenda-Setting
Global Advocacy
Global Road Safety Policymaking Research
Research Design
Vision Zero in Global Road Safety Policymaking
The Vision Zero Policy in Global Road Safety Policymaking
Safe System and Vision Zero in Practice
A Paradigm Shift in Road Safety Philosophy?
The Role of Vision Zero in Global Road Safety Policymaking
The Advantages of Vision Zero
The Challenges of Vision Zero
Analysis
What Vision Zero Is Diffusing?
Why Is Vision Zero Diffusing?
Who Diffuses Vision Zero?
How Is Vision Zero Diffusing?
Conclusions and Discussion
References
Part III: Management and Leadership for Vision Zero
22 ISO 39001 Road Traffic Safety Management System, Performance Recording, and Reporting
Background
Terms and Definitions
Context of the Organization
Leadership and Commitment
Planning
Operations
Evaluating Performance
Management Review
Conclusion
Discussion
References
23 What the Car Industry Can Do: Volvo Cars
Introduction and Background
Traffic Safety Improvements: Past and Present
Swedish Vision Zero from an Industry Perspective
The Roles and Responsibilities of Car Manufacturers for Improving Traffic Safety
Volvo Cars Safety Vision
Structured Safety Design of Vehicles
Real-Life Safety: The Foundation for the Safety Design
Overall Safety Strategy
Focus on Designing Around People
Driver Distraction and Attention Selection
Improved Protection for All Occupants, Independent of Age, Gender, or Size
Child Restraints and Child Safety
Adaptions for Occupants with Special Needs
Preventing Serious Violations
Preventing Driving While Under Influence (DWI)
Speeding
The Responsibilities of Car Manufacturers for Sharing Car Technology Developments Globally
Cooperation Between Different Traffic Stakeholders
Manufacturers Sharing Research Data
Further Improvements of the Infrastructure
Further Vehicle Development/Autonomous Vehicles
New Ways of Using Transportation
Discussion
Conclusions
References
24 What the Car Industry Can Do: Mercedes-Benz´ View
Introduction
The Vision of Accident-Free Driving
Traffic Involves Risks
Current Developments in Road Safety
Factors Influencing Safety on the Road
The Automobile and Road Transport in a Time of Change
Implications for the Vehicle
The ESF Experimental Safety Vehicles as Technology Platforms
The Mercedes-Benz ESF 2019 Experimental Safety Vehicle
Informed Confidence - Cooperative Behavior and Intuitive Communication
Biologically Effective Light - Daylight+
Seeing and Being Seen
Child Safety
PRE-SAFE Child Belt
PRE-SAFE Child Side
Installation Monitoring
Monitoring of Vital Signs
Baby Live Video
The Virtual Crumple Zone:
The Fundamental Premise Behind PRE-SAFE Impulse and PRE-SAFE Impulse Side
PRE-SAFE Impulse Front: Electric Belt Tensioners Instead of Pyrotechnics
PRE-SAFE Impulse Rear
Occupant Protection Systems for the Driver, New Interior Layout
Safety of Rear Seat Passengers
Securing the Hazardous Area (Accident or Breakdown)
PRE-SAFE Side Lighting
Summary
References
25 Consumer Ratings and Their Role in Improving Vehicle Safety
Introduction
Consumer Safety Ratings as Policy Mechanism
The Development of NCAP
Vehicle Frontal Crashworthiness
Encouraging Side Impact Protection
Forgiving Vehicle Front-End Designs for Pedestrians and Cyclists
Mitigating Rollover and Loss of Control Crashes
Promoting Seat Belt Usage
Safe Transport of Children
Whiplash Prevention
The Advent of Crash Avoidance
Autonomous Emergency Braking
Lane Support Systems
Speed Assistance Systems
Combining Passive and Active Safety
Consumer Information in the Era of Automation
NCAP Challenges for the Next Decade
Correlation with Real-Life Injury Risks?
Vehicle Safety in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Harmonization of Standards
Population Diversity
Encouraging ADAS
From Assisted to Autonomous and Connected Driving
Conclusions
References
26 Saving Lives Beyond 2020: The Next Steps
Foreword
Executive Summary
Preamble
Reflections on the Decade of Action 2011-2020
Origins of the Decade
Major Milestones and Accomplishments
Vision for the Second Decade
Strengthened Road Safety Pillars
Safe System Approach
Integration of Road Safety in Sustainable Development Goals
Importance of the Vision for Low- and Middle-Income Nations
Sustainable Development Goals
Sustainable Development Goals: Integrated and Indivisible
Strategies and Tools for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
Prerequisites for Change
Expanded Engagement of Public and Private Sectors
Capacity-Building
Recommendations
Recommended Target for 2030
Criteria Considered in Formulating Recommendations
Recommendation #1: Sustainable Practices and Reporting
Summary
Rationale
Actions and Responsibilities
This Recommendation Is Linked to Others Including
Recommendation #2: Procurement
Summary
Rationale
Actions and Responsibilities
This Recommendation Is Linked to Others Including
Recommendation #3: Modal Shift
Summary
Rationale
Actions and Responsibilities
This Recommendation Is Linked to Others Including
Recommendation #4: Child and Youth Health
Summary
Rationale
Actions and Responsibilities
This Recommendation Is Linked to Others Including
Recommendation #5: Infrastructure
Summary
Rationale
Actions and Responsibilities
This Recommendation Is Linked to Others Including
Recommendation #6: Safe Vehicles Across the Globe
Summary
Rationale
Actions and Responsibilities
This Recommendation Is Linked to Others Including
Recommendation #7: Zero Speeding
Summary
Rationale
Actions and Responsibilities
This Recommendation Is Linked to Others Including
Recommendation #8: 30 km/h
Summary
Rationale
Actions and Responsibilities
This Recommendation Is Linked to Others Including
Recommendation #9: Technology
Summary
Rationale
Actions and Responsibilities
This Recommendation Is Linked to Others Including
Discussion
Lessons Learned from the Decade of Action 2011-2020
Opportunities Beyond 2020
Recommendations from the Academic Expert Group
Next Steps for Progress
References
27 Miscommunications Based on Different Meanings of ``Safe´´ and Their Implications for the Meaning of Safe System
Introduction
The Meaning of the Adjective ``Safe´´
Confounded Use of ``Safe´´ in Safe System
Conclusions: The Necessary Meaning of Safe System Including Vision Zero in Road Safety
References
Part IV: Tools and Technologies for Vision Zero
28 Road Safety Analysis
Introduction: Why Is Road Safety Analysis Necessary?
Retrospective Analysis
Real-Life Evaluation of Road Safety Countermeasures
Risk Factors and Boundary Conditions
Injury Risk Curves
Model for Safe Traffic
In-Depth Analysis of Crashes and Injuries
Analysis of Future Safety Gaps
The Challenges with Using of Retrospective Accident Data
Correlation, Independence, Overlapping Variables, Non-Linearity, and System Effects
An Analytical Approach in Vision Zero Planning and Target Setting
Step 1: Outline Business as Usual System Improvements
Step 2: Baseline Development Through Crash and Injury Assessment
Step 3: Residual Analysis
Step 4: Scenarios to Address Residual Trauma
Methodological Considerations
Summary and Key Messages
References
29 Speed-Limits in Local Streets: Lessons from a 30 km/h Trial in Victoria, Australia
Introduction
Speed Limits in Local Urban Streets
Global Mandate for 30 km/h Speed Limits
Global Ministerial Conference
A Safe System Approach
The Benefits of Lower Speed Zones
20s Plenty for Us
Community Acceptance
Speed Limits in Urban Victoria
The City of Yarra
The 30 km/h Trial
Motivation Behind Trial
Study Methodology
Study Design
Speed Observations
Attitudes
Safety
The Findings
Speed Reductions
Average Speed
Speed Categories
Speed Trends: Before and After
Treatment Effect
Community Survey
Safety Benefits
Crash Reductions
Summary of Results
Implications from the Trial
Enforcement
Speed Technology
Challenges and Potential Hurdles
Community Acceptance
Government Support
Societal Lethargy
Added Costs
Conclusion
References
30 Urban Road Design and Keeping Down Speed
Introduction
Eliminating Severe Road Trauma in Cities and Towns
The Safe System
Systemic Risk vs. Crash History
Vehicle to Vehicle Collisions at Intersections
Pedestrian Collisions
Cyclist and Motorcyclist Collisions
Single-Vehicle Crashes Within the Roadside
Rear-End Collisions at and Between Intersections
The Need for Innovation
Eliminating Crash and Injury Risk
Exposure to Crash Risk
Crash Risk
Injury Risk
Impact Biomechanics and Injury Risk
The Relationship Between Impact Speed and Travel Speed
Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB)
Vision Zero Design and Operation for Urban Roads and Streets
Safety and Environment
Separation Versus Managing Kinetic Energy
The Practical Application of Kinetic Energy Management Principles
Unprotected Road Users
Pedestrian Collisions
Exposure
Crash Likelihood and Injury Risk
Cyclist Collisions
Exposure
Crash Likelihood
Injury Risk
Vehicle Occupants
Intersection Collisions
Exposure
Crash Likelihood
Injury Risk
Lane Departure Collisions (Head-On and Single-Vehicle)
Exposure
Crash Likelihood
Injury Risk
Rear-End Collisions
Exposure
Crash Likelihood
Injury Risk
Barriers to Implementing Safe Urban Speeds
Achieving Synergies with Other High-Order Goals
Population Health
Environment
Liveability
Sustainability
Social Equity
Concluding Comment
Cross-References
References
31 Rural Road Design According to the Safe System Approach
Introduction
Infrastructure Countermeasures to Protect Vulnerable Road Users
Speed Calming Road Infrastructure
Bicycle and Pedestrian Paths
Bus Stop Location in Rural Areas
Infrastructure Countermeasures Addressing Vehicle Occupants
Road Types on Rural Roads
The Two-plus-One Lane road Design
Barriers Types
Barrier Design for Motorcycles
Rumble Strips
Intersections
Roadside Area
Cross-References
References
32 Speed and Technology: Different Modus of Operandi
Introduction
Setting Speed Limits
Influencing Road Users´ Speed Behavior
Manual Enforcement or Technology
Different Modus of Operandi
Method and Data
Speed Camera System in Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands, and France
Attitudes to Speeding and Enforcement
Traffic Safety Effects of Speed Cameras
Comparison Between Section Control and Spot Speed Cameras
Change of Speed Distribution
Experience from the Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, and France
Sweden
Norway
The Netherlands
France
Discussion
References
33 Driver Distraction: Mechanisms, Evidence, Prevention, and Mitigation
Introduction
Driver Distraction: Definition, Mechanisms, and Impacts on Driving Performance
Defining ``Driver Distraction´´
Factors That Trigger Driver Distraction
Competing Activities and Sources of Distraction
Types of Distraction and Triggered Responses
Types of Distraction
Triggered Responses
Interference
Moderating Factors and Self-Regulation
Impact on Driving Performance
Evidence Implicating Distraction as a Traffic Safety Problem
Crash Studies
Crash Risk Studies
Impact of Distraction on Crash Risk
Impact of Mobile Phones Use While Driving on Crash Risk
Impact of In-Vehicle Information Systems (IVIS) on Crash Risk
Impact of Interactions with Passengers on Crash Risk
Impact of External Distractions on Crash Risk
Impact of Other Distractions on Crash Risk
Prevention of Distracted Driving
Countermeasures for Distracted Driving
Type of Countermeasures
Review of Countermeasures
Elimination
Substitution
Engineering Controls: In-Vehicle and Mobile Technology
Engineering Controls: Roads
Administrative Controls
Distraction and Vehicle Automation
Automation Creating Distraction
Distraction and Takeover Ability
Self-Regulation and Individual Differences
``Vehicle Distraction and Inattention´´
Conclusion and Strategies Moving Forward
Cross-References
Appendix
References
34 Automated Vehicles: How Do They Relate to Vision Zero
Introduction
The Vision Zero Concept
Vision Zero Models for Safe Traffic
The Vision Zero Integrated Safety Chain Model
What About Automated Cars?
Is Performing as Good/Bad as Humans Good Enough?
The Vienna Convention Article 13
Discussion
Conclusions
References
Part V: Vision Zero in Other Areas
35 Vision Zero in Workplaces
Introduction: The Global Challenges Concerning Safety and Health in Workplaces
Vision Zero in Workplaces: Roots and Developments
The Origin of Accident Prevention (Early 1800s)
Zero Defects (Since 1966)
Zero Accidents (Since 1970)
Japan´s Zero Accident: Total Participation Campaign (Since 1973)
From Safety Culture to Prevention Culture (Since 1986)
National Vision Zero Networks (Since 2003)
Social Accident Insurance Policies (Since 2008)
National and International Policies for Vision Zero in Workplaces (Since 2008)
Innovating to Zero (Since 2012)
The Global Vision Zero Fund (Since 2015)
Implementation of Vision Zero in 27 European Workplaces (2017)
The ISSA´s Global Strategy for Vision Zero (Since 2017)
Examples of the Implementation of Vision Zero in Workplaces
The ISSA´s Proactive Leading Indicators for Vision Zero (Since 2020)
Vision Zero in Workplaces and Road Traffic
Workplace Vision Zero and Road Traffic Policies
Case: Shell´s Lifesaving Rules
Pitfalls in the Implementation of Vision Zero in Workplaces
Vision Zero Criticism and Response
Conclusion: Key Messages
References
36 Suicide in the Transport System
Introduction
Suicides in the Transport System
Promote Good Life Opportunities for Less Privileged Groups
Reduce Alcohol Consumption in the Population and in Groups at High Risk for Suicide
Reduce Access to Means and Methods of Suicide
View Suicide as a Psychological Mistake
Improve Medical, Psychological, and Psychosocial Initiatives
Distribute Knowledge About Evidence-Based Methods for Reducing Suicide
Raise Skill Levels Among Staff and Other Key Individuals in the Care Services
Perform ``Root Cause´´ or Event Analyses After Suicide
Support Voluntary Organizations
Suicide Classification Methodology and Psychosocial Factors
Criteria to Undergo the Classification Process
Classification Scale
Data Collection and Psychosocial Examination
Expert Group
Data on Suicides in Road Traffic 2010-2018
Data on Suicides on Railway 2010-2018
Data on Suicides by Jumping from Bridges 2010-2017
How Do We Address the Problem of Suicides in the Transport System?
Suicide Prevention in the Society
Conclusions for the Future
References
37 Vision Zero in Suicide Prevention and Suicide Preventive Methods
Introduction
Models for Suicide Prevention
Sociological Theory
Hopelessness Theory
Psychache Theory
Escape Theory of Suicide
Emotional Dysregulation Theory
Stress-Diathesis Model
Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide
World Health Organization (WHO) Socioecological Model
Vision Zero for Suicide
Definition of Vision Zero for Suicide
Advantages and Challenges of Vision Zero for Suicide
Advantages of Vision Zero for Suicide
Challenges of Vision Zero for Suicide
Vision Zero in the World
Vision Zero in Sweden
Vision Zero in the United States
Vision Zero in the United Kingdom
Vision Zero in Other Countries
Toward a Vision Zero for Suicide Label?
What Does the Evidence Say about Suicide Prevention
Public Health Approaches
Increase Public Awareness
Restrictive Access to Lethal Means
Medication
Firearms
Pesticides
Barriers
Control of Carbon Monoxide: Charcoal and Gas
Hanging
Alcohol
School-Based Universal Suicide-Prevention
Gatekeepers
Media Guideline
Internet Initiatives for Suicide Prevention
Helplines
Indigenous Suicide Prevention
Healthcare Approach
Treatment of Depression
Chain of Care
Education of Primary Care Physicians
Screening in Primary Care
Conclusion
References
38 Vision Zero on Fire Safety
Introduction
Background
The Swedish Vision Zero Initiative
The Updated Status of Knowledge; What Is New, and What Are the Implications?
Residential Fires and How They Are Managed
Killed and Injured
Effectiveness of Measures
Knowledge Gaps and Innovation Needs
Trends and Implications
Continued Strategic Development Work
Conclusions and Future Work
References
39 Vision Zero in Disease Eradication
Introduction
Part I: Clarifying the Definitions of Disease Control, Elimination, and Eradication
Part II: Twelve Lessons from Infectious Disease Campaigns
Lesson 1: This Is a Cause and Effect World
If We Understand the Causes, We Have a Chance to Change the Effects
Lesson 2: Know the Truth
Continuous Reassessment Has Collateral Benefits
The Closer You Get to Elimination, the Closer You Have to Look; the Closer You Look, the More You See
Surveillance Is Useful for Tracking More Than Just the Number of Cases
Be Open and Honest with Your Data Even When That Might Be Risky
Establish a Very Clear Goal and a Mechanism to Certify That You Have Reached It
Lesson 3: Coalitions Are Absolutely Essential and Absolutely Hard
Clear, Overriding, and Common Goal
Strategy for Reaching the Goal
Structure
Defined Membership
Management of Meetings and Programs
Lesson 4: Avoid Certainty (the Achilles Heel of Science)
A Great Many Things Are Subject to Change as We Learn More About Them
Lesson 5: Measure Frequently and Build in Continuous Improvement
Lesson 6: Respect the Culture and Work with the People You Are Trying to Help
Lesson 7: The Best Decisions Are Based on the Best Science, but the Best Results Are Based on the Best Management
Lesson 8: The Best Solutions Move Us Closer to Global Health Equity
Lesson 9: Do Not Underestimate the Time, Resources, Tenacity, and Focus It Will Take to Succeed
Lesson 10: Eradication Does Not Always Require a Vaccine or a Cure
Lesson 11: Start in the Most Difficult Places First
Lesson 12: You Don´t Begin at the End
The Lessons from Disease Eradication and Elimination Apply to Road Traffic Safety
Conclusion
References
40 Zero-Waste: A New Sustainability Paradigm for Addressing the Global Waste Problem
Introduction
The Anatomy of Zero-Waste
The Development of Zero-Waste Concepts
The Enigma of Consumerism, Environmental Degradation, and Zero-Waste
Zero-Waste Practices Around the World
Zero-Waste Family
Kamikatsu, Japan: A Zero-Waste Community
Kamikatsu Community
Kamikatsu Zero-Waste Declaration
Zero-Waste Practices at the Kamikatsu Community
Zero-Waste Business
Adidas: Zero-Waste Sporting Project
The Zero-Waste Stores to Phase -Out Unnecessary Packaging
Zero-Waste City: The Case Study of San Francisco, USA
Waste Management in San Francisco
Regulatory Policies and Zero-Waste Strategies
Implementation of the Zero-Waste Strategies
Conclusion
References
Index