The Victim in Criminal Law and Justice

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 6
1 The Victim as Concept......Page 12
The victim, criminology and the state......Page 19
The shift from feudal property relations to the state......Page 21
The undisciplined society, the state and the victim......Page 23
The autonomous state and the victim......Page 24
Governmentality......Page 25
The milieu of the victim in history and discourse......Page 27
2 Private Prosecution......Page 34
Social conditions and the government of private disputes from 1066 to the thirteenth century......Page 35
Changing social and political conditions 1066–1200......Page 36
The influence of the church......Page 38
Private prosecution and settlement 1066–1500......Page 39
Types of appealable offences and modes of proof......Page 42
The social context of private prosecution......Page 44
Appeal procedure and the rise of presentment......Page 46
The development of prosecution under the Crown......Page 50
Appeals in gaol delivery and the curia regis......Page 52
Prosecution by the King's approver's......Page 53
The erosion of the common law power of the victim......Page 54
The abolition of private settlement......Page 55
The writ of trespass......Page 57
The rise of statutory courts of criminal jurisdiction......Page 58
The decline of the general eyre......Page 59
Felony, misdemeanour and communal order......Page 60
The rise of the justice of the peace and the court of quarter sessions......Page 61
The King's peace and the emergence of criminal law......Page 62
The transfer of victim power to the Crown......Page 65
3 Public Prosecution......Page 68
Changing social conditions and the public regulation of criminal justice......Page 69
Prosecution associations for the apprehension of felons......Page 72
House of Commons debates as to the Office of a Director of Public Prosecutions......Page 73
Power of intervention: private prosecution, the Attorney-General and nolle prosequi......Page 76
Commencement of proceedings......Page 77
The Crown Prosecution Service and the ODPP......Page 78
Judicial review of the ODPP's decision to stay criminal proceedings......Page 80
Procedural constraints on private prosecution......Page 82
The ODPP and the interests of the victim: R v AEM Snr; R v KEM; R v MM [2002] NSWCCA 58......Page 84
The emergence of civil remedies for want of prosecution......Page 85
The rise of defendant rights and limitations on the discretion of the prosecutor in the law of evidence......Page 86
Prosecutions and the social......Page 89
4 Police......Page 90
Victim power and the hue and cry......Page 92
Frankpledge and the keeping of community peace......Page 94
The office of justice of the peace as keeper of the peace......Page 95
The rise of the parish constable......Page 96
Problems with the office of constable and the collapse of the old system of policing......Page 97
The development of a modern police force under the Metropolitan Police Act 1829 UK......Page 99
Changes instituted by the Metropolitan Police Act 1829 UK and the continued relevance of the victim......Page 100
The rise of metropolitan policing and the victim......Page 102
The modern police and common law powers of arrest......Page 103
Statutory and common law powers of police prosecution......Page 104
Police as prosecutors: issues and tensions......Page 106
Police, private prosecution and the ODPP......Page 107
Private prosecution after charge by the police: R v Ealing Magistrates' Court Ex parte Dixon (1989) 2 ALL ER 1050......Page 108
The victim and modern policing......Page 109
Policing: a victim power......Page 110
5 Prisons, Penalty and Punishment......Page 112
Private settlement and victim discretion in antiquity......Page 113
Punishment, church and state......Page 114
Punishment and the King's peace......Page 115
History of the English prison 1150–2000......Page 116
The introduction of new punishments and the decline of private settlement: 1150–1700......Page 117
The emergence of houses of correction, prisoner reform and the state: 1700–1850......Page 119
The genesis of the modern prison: 1850–today......Page 122
Criminology......Page 124
Liberal perspectives......Page 125
Scientific positivism and the birth of the criminal individual......Page 128
Social theory and the human sciences......Page 129
Neo-liberal perspectives......Page 130
Modern penology and modes of reform......Page 132
From vengeance to the rehabilitation of the offender......Page 133
Shaming and reintegration......Page 134
Victim-offender mediation......Page 135
Governmentality, punishment and the victim......Page 136
6 The Erosion of the Victim and the Rise of State Power from 1600......Page 138
The victim and the development of criminal law from 1600......Page 139
The expansion of treacherous offences......Page 140
Statutory amendment of the common law......Page 141
The court of Star Chamber and the growth of misdemeanour offences......Page 144
The growth of criminal procedure......Page 146
Growth of the substantive law of homicide......Page 148
Growth of the substantive law of assault......Page 151
Larceny and theft......Page 154
The development of criminal proof and intent......Page 156
The expansion of public order offences into the twentieth century......Page 160
The decline of the jury......Page 163
Criminal informations and private prosecution......Page 164
The exclusion of the victim and the consolidation of criminal law......Page 167
7 Emergence of the Victim Rights Movement......Page 170
Factors influencing the rise of victim rights......Page 172
The introduction of state controlled victim compensation programs......Page 173
The rise of victimology......Page 175
The rise in women's consciousness and feminism......Page 177
The rise in crime, new crimes, fear of crime, and the media......Page 180
Victim power and agency at common law......Page 182
Growth of victim agency and advocacy at the local and state level......Page 184
The rise of a general critique of state domination......Page 185
Victim rights groups: four examples......Page 188
Mothers Against Drunk Driving, California, USA......Page 189
Victims of Crime Assistance League, NSW, Australia......Page 190
Parents for Megan's Law, New York, USA......Page 192
Victim Support, UK......Page 194
Victim rights, genealogy and the state......Page 196
8 Relocating the Victim in Common Law and Statute......Page 197
Common law change and the relocation of the victim from 1970......Page 199
Private prosecution......Page 201
Victim impact statements......Page 203
The victim and due process......Page 205
Victim experience in provocation and drug law......Page 207
Apprehended violence orders......Page 208
Changes to the law of double jeopardy......Page 209
A statutory space for victims: the rise of criminal injuries compensation and victim assistance programs......Page 212
The need for personal retribution......Page 214
The dominance of the state in administering compensation......Page 215
Risk minimisation and victim protection......Page 216
The victim vs the state and the consolidation of criminal law......Page 217
Conflict as property: victim owned conflict and the genesis of criminal law and justice......Page 221
Victim history, genealogy and the development of criminal law and justice......Page 224
9 The Victim as an Agent of Criminal Law and Justice......Page 229
The victim and the growth of criminal law and justice......Page 230
Themes revisited: criminal law and the state......Page 233
The governmentalisation of criminal law: the victim, the state and decentralised justice......Page 235
The future of victim relations: consequences for legal theory and practice......Page 239
Notes......Page 242
References......Page 252
C......Page 264
G......Page 266
M......Page 267
P......Page 268
R......Page 270
V......Page 271
W......Page 272