The UN International Criminal Tribunals: The Former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone

COVER......Page 1
HALF-TITLE......Page 3
TITLE......Page 5
COPYRIGHT......Page 6
DEDICATION......Page 7
CONTENTS......Page 9
PREFACE......Page 11
TABLE OF CASES......Page 12
TABLE OF LEGISLATIVE PROVISIONS......Page 48
ABBREVIATIONS......Page 56
PART I Establishment of the tribunals......Page 57
1 Creation of the tribunals......Page 59
Beginnings of international prosecution......Page 65
The post-Cold War revival of international prosecution......Page 67
Establishing the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia......Page 69
Establishing the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda......Page 80
Establishing the Special Court for Sierra Leone......Page 90
Completing the work of the tribunals......Page 96
Legacy of the tribunals......Page 100
2 The legitimacy and legality of the tribunals......Page 103
Creation by resolution of the United Nations Security Council......Page 104
Creation of a treaty-based court......Page 109
Retroactivity......Page 116
Objectives of the tribunals......Page 123
3 Sources of law......Page 130
The statutes......Page 134
Rules of procedure and evidence......Page 140
Other subordinate legislation......Page 145
Treaty law......Page 147
Customary international law......Page 153
General principles of law......Page 158
Subsidiary sources: judicial decisions and academic writing......Page 163
Inherent or implied powers......Page 168
Human rights law......Page 172
National criminal law......Page 174
Public policy......Page 176
PART II Jurisdiction......Page 177
Primacy......Page 179
Territorial jurisdiction......Page 185
Temporal jurisdiction......Page 188
Personal jurisdiction......Page 194
Corporate bodies......Page 195
Juvenile oVenders......Page 196
Nationality......Page 198
Seniority......Page 201
Jurisdiction over property......Page 204
5 Subject-matter jurisdiction generally......Page 207
The nature of international crimes......Page 208
6 Genocide......Page 217
Elements of the crime of genocide......Page 220
Killing......Page 228
Causing serious bodily or mental harm......Page 230
Imposing measures intended to prevent births......Page 233
Complicity and inchoate forms of the offence......Page 234
Conspiracy to commit genocide......Page 235
Direct and public incitement to commit genocide......Page 237
Complicity in genocide......Page 239
7 Crimes against humanity......Page 241
Presence of an armed conflict......Page 243
Any civilian population......Page 245
Widespread or systematic attack......Page 247
Discriminatory intent......Page 252
Murder......Page 254
Extermination......Page 255
Enslavement......Page 257
Deportation......Page 259
Torture......Page 261
Rape......Page 265
Sexual violence......Page 267
Sexual slavery......Page 268
Enforced prostitution......Page 269
Other forms of sexual violence......Page 270
Persecutions......Page 271
Other inhumane acts......Page 278
8 War crimes......Page 282
Existence of armed conflict......Page 285
International or non-international armed conflict......Page 287
Nexus with armed conflict......Page 292
Knowledge of armed conflict......Page 295
Grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions......Page 296
Existence of an international armed conflict......Page 299
Victim must be a ‘protected person’......Page 302
‘Civilians’ defined......Page 304
Wilful killing......Page 305
Torture or inhuman treatment......Page 306
Wilfully causing great suffering or serious injury......Page 307
Unlawful deportation or transfer......Page 308
Taking civilians as hostages......Page 310
Violations of the laws or customs of war......Page 311
Punishable acts listed in article 3 of the ICTY Statute......Page 314
Wanton destruction of cities, devastation......Page 317
Cultural property......Page 318
Plunder of property......Page 320
Violence to life and person......Page 325
Taking of hostages......Page 327
Outrages upon personal dignity......Page 328
Denial of fair trial......Page 329
Other violations of the Geneva Conventions not listed as ‘grave breaches’......Page 330
Violations of the Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions......Page 331
Collective punishments......Page 335
Acts of terrorism......Page 336
Slavery and the slave trade......Page 337
Attacking civilians......Page 338
Child soldiers......Page 340
PART III Substantive and procedural aspects of prosecution......Page 343
9 General principles of law......Page 345
Mental and physical elements (mens rea and actus reus)......Page 348
Participation......Page 352
Planning......Page 354
Instigating......Page 355
Ordering......Page 357
Aiding and abetting......Page 358
Joint criminal enterprise......Page 365
Superior responsibility......Page 370
Complicity in genocide......Page 380
Defence, excuse and justification......Page 381
Consent......Page 397
Reprisal......Page 400
Military necessity......Page 401
Official position and head of State immunity......Page 383
Superior orders......Page 385
Duress and necessity......Page 387
Mental incapacity......Page 388
Voluntary intoxication......Page 390
Self-defence......Page 391
Amnesty......Page 393
Alibi......Page 395
10 Investigation and pre-trial procedure......Page 404
Investigation and indictment......Page 406
Identification of suspects and accused......Page 407
Conduct of investigations......Page 411
Rights of suspects......Page 414
Indictment......Page 415
Issuance of the indictment......Page 419
Joinder of crimes......Page 422
Joinder of accused......Page 424
Amendment of the indictment......Page 427
Withdrawal of the indictment......Page 431
Arrest and provisional detention......Page 433
Deferral......Page 439
Surrender or transfer......Page 442
Initial appearance and entry of plea......Page 444
Detention on remand and provisional release......Page 445
Fitness to stand trial......Page 451
Disclosure of evidence......Page 454
Preliminary motions......Page 459
Pre-trial organisation......Page 461
Referral to national courts......Page 463
Grant of immunity......Page 465
11 Trial and post-trial procedure......Page 466
Composition of the bench......Page 468
Presence of the accused at trial......Page 475
Guilty plea procedure......Page 479
The trial itself......Page 484
Motion for dismissal (Rule 98bis)......Page 486
Judgment and sentence......Page 488
Cumulative convictions......Page 490
Post-trial procedure......Page 494
Appeal......Page 495
Procedure on appeal......Page 499
Standard of review......Page 500
Disposition......Page 504
Review......Page 506
12 Evidence......Page 508
Relevant and probative evidence......Page 509
Exclusion of evidence......Page 515
Lacunae in the Rules......Page 516
Burden of proof......Page 519
Compelling the production of evidence......Page 523
Testimonial evidence in court......Page 526
Deposition......Page 532
Evidence from another case and authoritative information......Page 533
Hearsay evidence......Page 535
Expert evidence......Page 536
Documentary evidence......Page 538
New evidence on appeal and review......Page 539
Corroboration......Page 540
National security information and similar concerns......Page 541
Judicial notice......Page 544
Privileges and immunities......Page 549
Evidence in cases of sexual assault......Page 552
Similar fact evidence......Page 555
13 Rights of the accused......Page 557
Rights of the suspect......Page 559
Independent and impartial tribunal......Page 561
Equality before the law......Page 567
Equality of arms......Page 569
Public hearing......Page 570
Presumption of innocence......Page 572
Right to be informed of the charge......Page 575
Trial without undue delay......Page 577
Right to counsel......Page 579
Right to an interpreter......Page 587
Right to silence......Page 588
Right of appeal......Page 589
Double jeopardy......Page 591
Redress for wrongful prosecution......Page 593
Abuse of process......Page 595
Recourse to international human rights mechanisms......Page 598
14 Punishment......Page 601
Exclusion of capital punishment......Page 602
Imprisonment......Page 605
‘General practice’ in sentencing......Page 608
Purposes of sentencing......Page 610
No hierarchy of crimes......Page 617
Sentencing factors......Page 619
Aggravating and mitigating circumstances......Page 622
Enforcement of the sentence......Page 634
PART IV Organisation of the tribunals......Page 641
15 Structure and administration of the tribunals......Page 643
Seat of the tribunals......Page 644
Working languages of the tribunals......Page 646
Chambers......Page 649
Judges of the Chambers......Page 651
Officers and members of the Chambers......Page 654
Prosecutor......Page 656
Registry......Page 663
Detention Unit......Page 665
Victims and Witnesses Unit......Page 667
Defence Counsel Unit......Page 669
Amici curiae and intervenors......Page 675
Financing......Page 678
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 680
INDEX......Page 734