The Temporal Lobe

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000Series-Page_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neurology
Series Page
001Contributors_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neurology
Contributors
002Preface_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neurology
Preface
003Foreword_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neurology
Foreword
Chapter-1---The-connectional-anatomy-of-the-te_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neu
The connectional anatomy of the temporal lobe
Notes on History11Abbreviations used in the chapter are listed at the end of the chapter before References section.
Surface Anatomy
Temporal Lobe Tracts
Projection pathways
Commissural pathways
Association pathways
Arcuate fasciculus
Uncinate fasciculus
Inferior longitudinal fasciculus
Inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus
Middle longitudinal fasciculus
Cingulum
Medial occipital longitudinal tract
U-shaped temporoinsular interlobar fibers
Temporal intralobar tracts
References
Chapter-2---Anatomy-of-the-temporal-lobe--From-_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Ne
Anatomy of the temporal lobe: From macro to micro
Macroanatomy of the Temporal Lobe11Abbreviations used in the chapter are listed at the end of the chapter before References se
Lateral and ventral surfaces
The mesial surface
Macroanatomic variability
Intersubject variability of sulci and gyri
Intersubject variability in the hippocampal macroanatomy
Asymmetries in folding patterns and volumes
Microanatomy of the Temporal Lobe
Overview
Parcellation of the temporal lobe in historical maps
Cytoarchitectonic, probabilistic maps of the temporal lobe in stereotaxic space
Microstructure of the lateral temporal cortex
Primary auditory cortex
Higher auditory areas
Transition to insula
Higher associative areas
Areas at the temporal pole
The perirhinal cortex, parahippocampal, and fusiform cortex
Hippocampal-entorhinal region
Fascia dentata and cornu ammonis
Subicular complex
Hippocampal-amygdaloid transition area
Entorhinal cortex
The amygdala
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-3---Music-processing-and-amusia_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neurology
Music processing and amusia
Neural Basis of Music Perception in the Healthy Brain
Music processing in the healthy brain
Temporal auditory regions
Music processing beyond the temporal lobe
Beyond perception: Cognitive, motor, and emotional processing of music
Music with singing: Interface between music and speech
Structural connectivity of the large-scale music network
Benefits of musical training
Neural Basis of Amusia
Neural abnormalities underlying congenital amusia
Neural mechanisms underlying acquired amusia
Lesion patterns associated with acquired amusia
Structural connectivity and volumetric deficits in acquired amusia
Functional neural deficits in acquired amusia
Toward a neural model and rehabilitation of acquired amusia
Clinical Considerations and Future Developments
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-4---Cortical-disorders-of-speech-processing--_2022_Handbook-of-Clini
Cortical disorders of speech processing: Pure word deafness and auditory agnosia
Introduction: The Functional Anatomy of the Auditory System
Selective Central Auditory Processing Disorders Following Brain Damage
Neurological Conditions Associated With Disorders of Auditory Input Processes
Lesion Patterns Associated With Pure Auditory Agnosia and Pure Word Deafness
The Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Disruption of Speech Input Processing in Cases With Bilateral and Unilateral Lesions
Bilateral damage
Unilateral damage: The disconnection hypothesis
Anatomical disconnection
Functional disconnection
Possible Reasons for the Left/Right Hemisphere Asymmetry in Auditory Speech Processing
Speech sound processes preferentially carried out in the two hemispheres
Evidence from studies of generalized auditory agnosia and pure word deafness
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-5---Neuroplasticity-following-cochlear_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neu
Neuroplasticity following cochlear implants
Key Methodological Issues11Abbreviations used in the chapter are listed at the end of the chapter before References section.
Animal Models
Structural changes associated with deafness and auditory afferentation
Functional changes associated with deafness and CI use
Tonotopy and binaural processing
Humans
Structural changes associated with deafness and CI use
Functional changes associated with deafness and CI use
Tonotopy and binaural processing
Auditory speech processing
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-6---Components-of-language-processing-and-their_2022_Handbook-of-Cli
Components of language processing and their long-term and working memory storage in the brain
Phonological WM and the Buffer vs Embedded Processes Debate
Neuropsychological Studies Show That Lesioned Regions Associated With Deficits in Phonological WM Are Beyond the Temporal Lobe
Single case studies
Case series approach using lesion-symptom mapping
Functional Neuroimaging Evidence Showing a Dissociation Between Phonological Encoding in the Superior Temporal Lobe and Mainte
Phonological Representations Maintained in the Inferior Parietal Lobe Are Resistant to the Interference of Distractors but Dis
Semantic WM: Neural Substrates
Orthographic Working Memory
Conclusions and Directions for Future Research
References
Chapter-7---Cross-modal-integration-and-plasticity-i_2022_Handbook-of-Clinic
Cross-modal integration and plasticity in the superior temporal cortex
Introduction11Abbreviations used in the chapter are listed at the end of the chapter before References section.
Adaptation and Cross-Modal Plasticity in the STC
Cross-Modal Functional Selectivity in the STC
Neural Mechanisms Mediating Selective Cross-Modal Plasticity in the STC
Cortical Multisensory Convergence and Intrinsic Constraints of Cross-Modal Plasticity
Outstanding Issues and Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-8---Visual-mental-imagery--Inside-the-_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neu
Visual mental imagery: Inside the mind´s eyes
Introduction11Abbreviations used in the chapter are listed at the end of the chapter before References section.
The Classical Model of Mental Imagery
Challenges to the classical model of mental imagery: Neuropsychological evidence
Challenges to the classical model of mental imagery: Neuroimaging evidence
Challenges to the classical model of mental imagery: Neurostimulation evidence
Devising a New Model: A Core VMI Network Located in the Temporal Lobe
The fusiform imagery node: An Interface between memory and conscious visual perception?
The frontoparietal network
Structural evidence in support of the model
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter-9---The-functions-of-the-temporal-parie_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Ne
The functions of the temporal–parietal junction
Introduction
Macro- and microanatomy of the TPJ
Anatomical connectivity
Functional connectivity
Anatomical and Functional Issues
Hemispheric asymmetry
Multiple vs. overarching functions of the TPJ
Empirical Inquiries on the Function(s) of the TPJ
Theory of mind (ToM)
Self-perception and agency
Memory: Encoding and retrieval
Language and number processing
Orienting of attention
Current Hypotheses on the ``Overarching´´ Function of the TPJ
The ``bottom-up attention´´ hypothesis (BUA)
The ``social ability´´ hypothesis
The ``perspective tracking differences´´ hypothesis
The ``dorsal TPJ control´´ hypothesis
The ``multisensory coding´´ hypothesis
A new unifying interpretation of the function of the TPJ
Theory of Mind (ToM)
Self-perception and agency
Memory: Retrieval and encoding
Linguistic coherence and math facts
Conclusions and Future Research
References
Further reading
Chapter-10---Visual-objects-and-their-colo_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neurolo
Visual objects and their colors
High-Level Visual Processing in the Ventral Temporal Lobe
Disorders of Object Shape Recognition
Apperceptive agnosia
Associative agnosia
Optic aphasia
Integrative agnosia
Neuropsychological tests of agnosia
High-level color processing
Cerebral achromatopsia
Color anomia
Color agnosia
General Conclusions
References
Chapter-11---Face-processing-in-the-temporal_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neuro
Face processing in the temporal lobe
Nonhuman Primate Studies11Abbreviations used in the chapter are listed at the end of the chapter before References section.
Functional Neuroimaging in Healthy Human Subjects
Human Functional Imaging: fMRI-Adaptation Studies
Human Functional Imaging: Other Techniques
Human Stimulation Studies
Human Neuropsychological Data: Case Studies
Human Neuropsychological Data: Group Studies
Right Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Resection
Left Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Resection
Other Neuropsychologic Group Studies
Summary
References
Chapter-12---The-neural-underpinnings-of-word-comprehens_2022_Handbook-of-Cl
The neural underpinnings of word comprehension and production: The critical roles of the temporal lobes
Introduction11Abbreviations used in the chapter are listed at the end of the chapter before References section.
Word Comprehension
Semantics
Naming
Reading and Spelling
Access to or processing of the visual/orthographic word form
Sublexical processes
Graphemic buffer/short-term storage of abstract letter identities
Motor output
Conclusions
References
Chapter-13---Domain-specific-connectivity-drives-the-o_2022_Handbook-of-Clin
Domain-specific connectivity drives the organization of object knowledge in the brain
Introduction
Defining the question
Criteria for domain-specificity
Scope of this review
Use Case Scenarios for Visual Recognition
Evidence for Domain-Specific Neural Organization
Clues from neuropsychology
Clues from functional neuroimaging
Perceiving and knowing about color and surface texture
Explanations of Category-Specificity in Occipito-Temporal Cortex
Local-constraint-based accounts of the causes of category-preferences
Connectivity-based explanations of the causes of category-preferences
Adjudicating Between Local-Constraint- and Connectivity-Based Accounts of Category-Specific&spi
Category-preferences are present in congenitally blind individuals
Alignment of connectivity with category-preferences
Is the connectivity that drives category-specific organization innately constrained?
Causal evidence for a connectivity-constrained account of category-preferences
Reframing expectations for a domain-specific account of occipito-temporal cortex organization
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-14---The-noun-verb-distinction_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neurology
The noun-verb distinction
Introduction
Behavioral Dissociation Between Nouns and Verbs
Nouns and Verbs in the Context of Psycholinguistic Accounts
Semantic accounts
Grammatical accounts
Morphological accounts
Nouns and Verbs in the Context of Anatomic Accounts of Language
Anatomic Correlates of Noun and Verb Processing
Nouns and Verbs: A Closer Look at Temporal Lobe Anatomy and Function
General Discussion and Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-15---The-neural-correlates-of-abstract-a_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-N
The neural correlates of abstract and concrete words
Introduction
The concreteness effect
The reversal of the concreteness effect
Neuropsychological Evidence
Single cases
Patients with unilateral lesions
Patients with bilateral temporal lesions
Group studies
Reversal of concreteness effect on verbs
Reversal of concreteness effect on nouns
Neuroimaging Studies
Neurostimulation/Modulation Studies
rTMS and tDCS studies
DES in brain tumors
Concrete and Abstract Word Priming during Anesthesia
Binding Concrete Words with Abstract Concepts: The Case of Idioms
Conclusions
References
Chapter-16---Acquired-dyslexias-following-tempo_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Ne
Acquired dyslexias following temporal lesions
Introduction
Peripheral Occipitotemporal Reading Impairments
Pure alexia and impaired orthographic perception
Visual form agnosia and impaired single letter perception
Handwriting agnosia
Central Perisylvian Impairments of Printed Word Processing
Phonological dyslexia and impaired letters-to-sounds translation
Surface dyslexia and impaired reading through the lexicon
Deep dyslexia: A combined deficit?
Future Directions of Research
References
Chapter-17---Proper-names-and-personal-iden_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neurol
Proper names and personal identity
Introduction
Distribution of Functions in the Semantic System: Two Different Mechanisms
Proper Names and Personal Identity: An Information Processing Model
The left temporal lobe, proper-name processing, and memory for individuals
Neuroimaging studies
Naming
Face-name association and individual (personal) identity
Memory for individuals, emotions, and social knowledge
Neurophysiological methods
Event-related potentials
Intracerebral electroencephalography
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Transcranial direct current stimulation
Clinical group studies
Nonsurgical focal lesions
Temporal lobectomy
Lesions to white matter connections
Temporal atrophy
Single-case studies
The Temporal Lobe and Proper-Name-Related Networks
The Temporal Lobe and Two Systems
References
Chapter-18---Neural-correlates-of-recognition-and-naming-o_2022_Handbook-of-
Neural correlates of recognition and naming of famous persons and landmarks: A special role for the left ante ...
Introduction
Background
Previous research on recognition and naming
Current Work
Famous Faces
Famous Landmarks
General Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-19---The-temporal-lobes-and-memor_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neurolog
The temporal lobes and memory
Introduction11Abbreviations used in the chapter are listed at the end of the chapter before References section.
H.M. and the birth of the neuroscience of human memory
Neurological disorders of human memory
Outline of the chapter
The Conscious/Unconscious Dichotomy and the Role of MTL in Memory
The MTL underlies declarative or conscious memory
Beyond the conscious-unconscious dichotomy: The binding role of the HP in associative memory
Functional Anatomy of the ``Extended Hippocampal System´´
MTL structures and intrinsic connectivity
Extrinsic connectivity
A functional model of MTL
Episodic vs Semantic Memory
Generality
The episodic/semantic distinction in the anterograde memory domain
The episodic/semantic distinction in retrograde memory
``Fast´´ and ``slow´´ learning mechanisms underlie episodic and semantic memory
Episodic Memory as Relational Memory
Relational vs single-item memory
Recollection and familiarity in episodic memory
The HP supports relations beyond the declarative memory realm
Summary With a Clinical Neuropsychological Perspective
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter-20---Working-memory-and-active-sampling-of-the_2022_Handbook-of-Clin
Working memory and active sampling of the environment: Medial temporal contributions
Long-Term Memory, Short-Term Memory, and Working Memory11Long-Term Memory, Short-Term Memo
Working Memory and the Medial Temporal Lobe: Neuropsychological Evidence
WM maintenance: Amount and duration
The key role of complex relational bindings in the case of MTL involvement in WM
Neural Mechanisms of WM: MTL Contributions
MTL involvement in WM encoding
MTL involvement in WM maintenance
Persistent delay activity in the MTL
WM functions of the temporal lobe beyond MTL: Ventral temporal cortex
WM, LTM, and Active Sampling of Environmental Information: Contributions From MTL and Beyond
Active sampling for WM access by covert attention and eye movements
LTM, working memory, and active sampling: Evidence for MTL contributions from scene and object inspection studies
LTM, working memory, and active sampling: Evidence for MTL contributions from scene and object studies with strong cognitive c
Relationships of MTL with inferior temporal cortex in active sampling
WM, LTM, and active sampling for visual search: Evidence for MTL contributions from contextual cueing studies
Working Memory and Active Sampling: Role of MTL
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-21---Amygdala-function-in-emotion--cognit_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-
Amygdala function in emotion, cognition, and behavior
The Amygdala in the Temporal Lobe: Anatomy and Connectivity
Role of Amygdala in Emotion, Saliency, and Social Cognition
First studies and fear conditioning
Amygdala reactivity to salient information
Amygdala in social cognition
Amygdala encodes relevance
Amygdala Influences on Cognitive and Behavioral Functions
Memory via hippocampal complex
Action via motor systems
Decision-making via prefrontal cortex
Perception and awareness via sensory systems
Preattentive and Unconscious Processing by Amygdala
Insights From Neuropsychology After Human Amygdala Lesion
Role of Amygdala in Psychiatric Conditions
Conclusions
References
Chapter-22---Amygdala-connectivity-and-implications-_2022_Handbook-of-Clinic
Amygdala connectivity and implications for social cognition and disorders
Introduction
Amygdala–Cortical Circuits
Medial prefrontal cortex
Amygdala–mPFC structure and function
Advances in amygdala–mPFC structural connectivity
Advances in amygdala–mPFC functional connectivity
Amygdala–mPFC in social cognition
Orbitofrontal cortex
Amygdala–OFC structure and function
Advances in amygdala–OFC structural connectivity
Advances in amygdala–OFC functional connectivity
Amygdala–OFC in social cognition
Amygdala–Hippocampal Circuits
Hippocampus
Amygdala–hippocampus structure and function
Advances in amygdala–hippocampus structural connectivity
Amygdala–hippocampus functional connectivity advances
Amygdala–hippocampus in social cognition
Amygdala Networks in Social Disorders
Autism spectrum disorder
Social anxiety disorder
Williams syndrome
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Competing financial interests
References
Chapter-23---Neuropathology-of-the-temporal-_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neuro
Neuropathology of the temporal lobe
General Introduction
Inflammatory Diseases
Herpes virus encephalitides
Rabies
Prion diseases
Other infectious diseases
Autoimmune limbic encephalitis
Inflammation and neurodegeneration
Epilepsy
Introduction
Hippocampal sclerosis
Malformations of cortical development
Changes secondary to epilepsy
Long-term epilepsy associated tumors
The concept
Glioneuronal and neuronal tumors
Circumscribed astrocytic gliomas
Pediatric-type diffuse low-grade gliomas
Vascular malformations
Rarer lesional aspects and absence of lesions
Neurodegenerative Disorders
Introduction
Alzheimer's disease
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy
α-Synucleinopathies
References
Chapter-24---Frontotemporal-dementia--A-unique-window-_2022_Handbook-of-Clin
Frontotemporal dementia: A unique window on the functional role of the temporal lobes
Neurodegeneration: A Flashlight for Cognitive Neuroscience11Abbreviations used in the chapter are listed at the end of th
Crossing the ``t´´ in FTD
A bull's eye on neglected cortices and complex behaviors
Homogenous Pathology, Multifaceted Symptomatology
The Hurdles of Diagnostic and Classification Criteria
Pathological findings and genetic evidence
Structural and functional neuroimaging
Eroded Concepts, Preserved Percepts
Key cognitive and behavioral features of temporal neurodegeneration
Discretizing a continuous spectrum
Toward a better assessment of semantic knowledge, social cognition, and emotion processing
Temporal FTD-Spectrum Syndromes and the Role of the ATLs in What We Know, Feel, and Do
Structural and functional gradients
Implications for neurocognitive models
Open questions and future directions
References
Chapter-25---The-temporal-lobe-in-typical-and-atyp_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical
The temporal lobe in typical and atypical Alzheimer disease
Introduction
The case of Auguste D
Biological Definition of AD
The Temporal Lobe in AD Pathology
Typical, Late-Onset Amnestic AD
Preclinical AD
Prodromal AD
AD dementia
Late-onset amnestic clinical case
Atypical, Early-Onset AD
Logopenic primary progressive aphasia as language variant of AD
Clinical case
Posterior cortical atrophy as visual variant of AD
Clinical case
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-26---Limbic-encephalitis_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neurology
Limbic encephalitis
History
First description and naming of the syndrome
Further evolution
Nonparaneoplastic LE
Definition
Features common to all subtypes of LE
Memory deficits
Psychiatric symptoms
Seizures and electroencephalography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Fluorodeoxyglucose 18F positron emission tomography
Differential Diagnoses
Status epilepticus
Glioma
Viral encephalitis
Specific Features of Ab-Defined Subgroups of LE
LGI1 abs
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Tumor associations
Phenotypes beyond LE
Seizures and electroencephalography
Serum/CSF studies
Outcome
CASPR2 abs
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Tumors
Phenotypes beyond LE
Seizures
Serum/CSF studies
Outcome
GABABR abs
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Tumors
Phenotypes beyond LE
Seizures
Serum/CSF studies
Outcome
AMPAR abs
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Tumors
Phenotypes beyond LE
Seizures
Serum/CSF studies
Outcome
GAD abs
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Tumors
Phenotypes beyond LE
Seizures
Serum/CSF studies
Outcome
AK5 abs
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Tumors
Phenotypes beyond LE
Seizures
Serum/CSF studies
Outcome
Onconeural abs
Hu abs
Ma2 abs
CV2 abs
Amphiphysin abs
Perspectives
Diagnostic challenges
Therapeutic challenges
Basic research options
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of interests
Financial support and sponsorship
References
Chapter-27---Semiology--EEG--and-neuroimaging-findin_2022_Handbook-of-Clinic
Semiology, EEG, and neuroimaging findings in temporal lobe epilepsies
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Epidemiologic, Social, and Historical Considerations11Abbreviations used in the chapter are listed at
Epidemiology
Historical considerations
Impact of TLE on society and culture
Main Etiologies of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Hippocampal sclerosis
Tumors
Malformations of cortical development (MCDs)
Vascular malformations
Glial scars and encephalomalacia
Temporal encephalocele
Autoimmune encephalitis (see Chapter 26, this volume)
Genetic mutations
Dual pathology
Clinical Features: Natural History and Semiology
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy
Focal aware seizures
Focal cognitive seizures
Focal autonomic seizures
Focal emotional seizures
Focal sensory seizures
Focal impaired awareness seizures
Focal to bilateral tonic–clonic seizures
Postictal state
Lateral temporal lobe epilepsy
Focal aware seizures
Other signs to discriminate between LTLE and MTLE
Mesio-lateral temporal epilepsy
Temporal pole or temporo-polar epilepsy
Temporal ``plus´´ epilepsy
Neuroimaging Recommendations and Protocol in Epileptic Patients
The Clinical Neurophysiology of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
General considerations
Interictal surface EEG in TLE
Localization value of Interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs)
Lateralizing and prognostic value of IEDs on TLE
Focal slowing and temporal intermittent rhythmic delta activity (TIRDA)
Ictal scalp EEG in TLE
Invasive EEG in TLE
Interictal SEEG activity in TLE
High-frequency oscillations (HFOs) in TLE
Ictal SEEG in TLE
Interictal PET in TLE
General considerations
Ictal SPECT in TLE
Conclusions
References
Chapter-28---Neuropsychology-of-temporal-lobe-_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neu
Neuropsychology of temporal lobe epilepsies
Introduction
Neuropsychological Deficits in TLE
TLE with hippocampal sclerosis
TLE without hippocampal sclerosis
Comprehensive Neuropsychological Assessment
Neuropsychological Assessment in Epilepsy Surgery
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter-29---Surgery-procedures-in-temporal-lob_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Ne
Surgery procedures in temporal lobe epilepsies
Introduction
Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Surgery
Resective surgery
Surgical approaches
Anterior temporal lobectomy
Selective amygdalohippocampectomy
Other surgical approaches
Outcomes
Seizure outcome
Cognitive outcome
Psychiatric outcome
Morbidity
Conclusion
Stereotactic radiosurgery
Outcomes
Seizure outcome
Cognitive outcome
Morbidity
Conclusion
Stereotactic amygdalohippocampectomy
Radiofrequency
Laser interstitial thermal therapy
Seizure outcome
Cognitive outcome
Morbidity
High-level evidence study
Conclusion
Brain stimulation
Amygdalohippocampal intermittent or continuous stimulation
Seizure and cognitive outcomes
Morbidity
Brain-responsive neurostimulation
Seizure outcome
Morbidity
Conclusion
Neocortical Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Surgery
Lateral temporal lobe epilepsy
Temporal pole epilepsy
How to Explain and Manage the Failures in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Surgery?
Future Perspectives in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Surgery
Enhancing the epileptogenic zone detection
Intracranial electroencephalogram recordings using microelectrodes
Intraoperative real-time guidance using elastography
Ultrasound therapies for temporal lobe epilepsy: A promising technology?
Conclusions
Conflict of interest
In memoriam
References
Index_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neurology
Index