The TCP/IP Guide......Page 1
Copyright Notice and Disclaimers......Page 2
Dedication......Page 3
Acknowledgments......Page 4
About The Author......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
List of Figures......Page 23
List of Tables......Page 31
The TCP/IP Guide: Introduction and "Guide To The Guide"......Page 39
Introduction To The TCP/IP Guide......Page 40
Goals of The TCP/IP Guide......Page 41
Scope of The TCP/IP Guide......Page 43
Structure and Organization of The TCP/IP Guide......Page 44
TCP/IP Guide Features, Inserts and Icons......Page 47
Tips For Using Adobe Acrobat Reader To View The TCP/ IP Guide......Page 49
Feedback and Suggestions......Page 53
Version History......Page 54
Networking Fundamentals......Page 56
What Is Networking?......Page 57
The Advantages (Benefits) of Networking......Page 58
The Disadvantages (Costs) of Networking......Page 60
Networking Layers, Models and Architectures......Page 62
Protocols: What Are They, Anyway?......Page 64
Circuit Switching and Packet Switching Networks......Page 66
Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Protocols......Page 69
Messages: Packets, Frames, Datagrams and Cells......Page 71
Message Formatting: Headers, Payloads and Footers......Page 73
Message Addressing and Transmission Methods: Unicast, Broadcast and Multicast Messages......Page 74
Network Structural Models and Client/Server and Peer-to-Peer Networking......Page 77
Local Area Networks (LANs), Wireless LANs (WLANs) and Wide Area Networks (WANs) and Variants (CANs, MANs and PANs)......Page 81
Segments, Networks, Subnetworks and Internetworks......Page 83
The Internet, Intranets and Extranets......Page 86
Putting Network Performance In Perspective......Page 88
Balancing Network Performance with Key Non-Performance Characteristics......Page 89
Performance Measurements: Speed, Bandwidth, Throughput and Latency......Page 91
Understanding Performance Measurement Units......Page 94
Theoretical and Real-World Throughput, and Factors Affecting Network Performance......Page 96
Simplex, Full-Duplex and Half-Duplex Operation......Page 99
Quality of Service (QoS)......Page 101
Proprietary, Open and De Facto Standards......Page 103
Networking Standards......Page 106
International Networking Standards Organizations......Page 107
Networking Industry Groups......Page 109
Internet Standards Organizations (ISOC, IAB, IESG, IETF, IRSG, IRTF)......Page 110
Internet Registration Authorities and Registries (IANA, ICANN, APNIC, ARIN, LACNIC, RIPE NCC)......Page 113
Internet Standards and the Request For Comment (RFC) Process......Page 115
Backgrounder: Data Representation and the Mathematics of Computing......Page 119
Binary Information and Representation: Bits, Bytes, Nibbles, Octets and Characters......Page 120
Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers......Page 123
Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal Number Conversion......Page 127
Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal Arithmetic......Page 131
Boolean Logic and Logical Functions......Page 132
Bit Masking (Setting, Clearing and Inverting) Using Boolean Logical Functions......Page 136
The Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model......Page 140
History of the OSI Reference Model......Page 141
The Benefits of Networking Models......Page 143
Why Understanding The OSI Reference Model Is Important To You......Page 144
How To Use The OSI Reference Model......Page 145
Comparing the OSI Reference Model to Network Architectures and Protocol Stacks......Page 147
OSI Reference Model Networking Layers, Sublayers and Layer Groupings......Page 148
"N" Notation and Other OSI Model Layer Terminology......Page 151
Interfaces: Vertical (Adjacent Layer) Communication......Page 153
Protocols: Horizontal (Corresponding Layer) Communication......Page 156
Data Encapsulation, Protocol Data Units (PDUs) and Service Data Units (SDUs)......Page 157
Indirect Device Connection and Message Routing......Page 162
Understanding The OSI Reference Model: An Analogy......Page 165
Physical Layer (Layer 1)......Page 168
Data Link Layer (Layer 2)......Page 170
Network Layer (Layer 3)......Page 172
Transport Layer (Layer 4)......Page 174
Session Layer (Layer 5)......Page 177
Presentation Layer (Layer 6)......Page 178
Application Layer (Layer 7)......Page 180
OSI Reference Model Layer Mnemonics......Page 182
OSI Reference Model Layer Summary......Page 184
TCP/IP Overview and History......Page 186
TCP/IP Services and Client/Server Operation......Page 190
TCP/IP Architecture and the TCP/IP Model......Page 193
TCP/IP Protocols......Page 197
TCP/IP Lower-Layer (Interface, Internet and Transport) Protocols (OSI Layers 2, 3 and 4)......Page 203
TCP/IP Network Interface Layer (OSI Data Link Layer) Protocols......Page 204
TCP/IP Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)......Page 205
SLIP and PPP Overview and Role In TCP/IP......Page 206
Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)......Page 209
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)......Page 213
PPP Overview, History and Benefits......Page 214
PPP Components and General Operation......Page 217
PPP Link Setup and Phases......Page 219
PPP Standards......Page 223
PPP Link Control Protocol (LCP)......Page 228
PPP Network Control Protocols (IPCP, IPXCP, NBFCP and others)......Page 233
PPP Authentication Protocols: Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) and Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)......Page 236
PPP Link Quality Monitoring/Reporting (LQM/LQR)......Page 240
PPP Compression Control Protocol (CCP) and Compression Algorithms......Page 242
PPP Encryption Control Protocol (ECP) and Encryption Algorithms......Page 245
PPP Multilink Protocol (MP/MLP/MLPPP)......Page 248
PPP Bandwidth Allocation Protocol (BAP) and Bandwidth Allocation Control Protocol (BACP)......Page 251
PPP General Frame Format......Page 254
PPP General Control Protocol Frame Format and Option Format......Page 260
PPP Link Control Protocol (LCP) Frame Formats......Page 264
PPP Authentication Protocol (PAP, CHAP) Frame Formats......Page 267
PPP Multilink Protocol (MP) Frame Format......Page 271
TCP/IP Network Interface / Internet "Layer Connection" Protocols......Page 277
Address Resolution and the TCP/IP Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)......Page 278
The Need For Address Resolution......Page 279
Address Resolution Through Direct Mapping......Page 282
Dynamic Address Resolution......Page 285
Dynamic Address Resolution Caching and Efficiency Issues......Page 286
TCP/IP Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)......Page 289
ARP Overview, Standards and History......Page 290
ARP Address Specification and General Operation......Page 291
ARP Message Format......Page 294
ARP Caching......Page 296
Proxy ARP......Page 298
TCP/IP Address Resolution For IP Multicast Addresses......Page 301
TCP/IP Address Resolution For IP Version 6......Page 303
Reverse Address Resolution and the TCP/IP Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)......Page 305
TCP/IP Internet Layer (OSI Network Layer) Protocols......Page 309
Internet Protocol (IP/IPv4, IPng/IPv6) and IP-Related Protocols (IP NAT, IPSec, Mobile IP)......Page 310
IP Overview and Key Operational Characteristics......Page 311
IP Functions......Page 313
IP History, Standards, Versions and Closely-Related Protocols......Page 314
Internet Protocol Version 4 (IP, IPv4)......Page 317
IP Addressing......Page 318
IP Addressing Overview and Fundamentals......Page 319
IP Address Size, Address Space and "Dotted Decimal" Notation......Page 323
IP Basic Address Structure and Main Components: Network ID and Host ID......Page 325
IP Addressing Categories (Classful, Subnetted and Classless) and IP Address Adjuncts (Subnet Mask and Default Gateway)......Page 327
Number of IP Addresses and Multihoming......Page 329
IP Address Management and Assignment Methods and Authorities......Page 332
IP "Classful" Addressing Overview and Address Classes......Page 334
IP "Classful" Addressing Network and Host Identification and Address Ranges......Page 337
IP Address Class A, B and C Network and Host Capacities......Page 341
IP Addresses With Special Meanings......Page 343
IP Reserved, Loopback and Private Addresses......Page 345
IP Multicast Addressing......Page 348
Problems With "Classful" IP Addressing......Page 351
IP Subnet Addressing ("Subnetting") Concepts......Page 354
IP Subnet Addressing Overview, Motivation, and Advantages......Page 355
IP Subnetting: "Three-Level" Hierarchical IP Subnet Addressing......Page 357
IP Subnet Masks, Notation and Subnet Calculations......Page 359
IP Default Subnet Masks For Address Classes A, B and C......Page 364
IP Custom Subnet Masks......Page 366
IP Subnet Identifiers, Subnet Addresses and Host Addresses......Page 370
IP Subnetting Summary Tables For Class A, Class B and Class C Networks......Page 373
IP Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM)......Page 377
IP Subnetting: Practical Subnet Design and Address Determination Example......Page 382
IP Subnetting Step #1: Requirements Analysis......Page 383
IP Subnetting Step #2: The Key Design Trade-off: Partitioning Network Address Host Bits......Page 384
IP Subnetting Step #3: Determining The Custom Subnet Mask......Page 388
IP Subnetting Step #4: Determining Subnet Identifiers and Subnet Addresses......Page 391
IP Subnetting Step #5: Determining Host Addresses For Each Subnet......Page 397
IP Classless Addressing and "Supernetting" Overview, Motivation, Advantages and Disadvantages......Page 402
IP "Supernetting": Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) Hierarchical Addressing and Notation......Page 406
IP Classless Addressing Block Sizes and "Classful" Network Equivalents......Page 409
IP CIDR Addressing Example......Page 411
IP Datagram Encapsulation......Page 417
IP Datagram General Format......Page 419
IP Datagram Options and Option Format......Page 425
IP Datagram Size, the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU), and Fragmentation Overview......Page 430
IP Message Fragmentation Process......Page 434
IP Message Reassembly Process......Page 438
IP Datagram Direct Delivery and Indirect Delivery (Routing)......Page 441
IP Routing Concepts and the Process of Next-Hop Routing......Page 444
IP Routes and Routing Tables......Page 447
IP Routing In A Subnet Or Classless Addressing (CIDR) Environment......Page 449
IP Multicasting......Page 452
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) / IP Next Generation (IPng)......Page 454
IPv6 Motivation and Overview......Page 455
Major Changes And Additions In IPv6......Page 458
Transition from IPv4 to IPv6......Page 459
IPv6 Addressing Overview: Addressing Model and Address Types......Page 462
IPv6 Address Size and Address Space......Page 464
IPv6 Address and Address Notation and Prefix Representation......Page 466
IPv6 Address Space Allocation......Page 470
IPv6 Global Unicast Address Format......Page 473
IPv6 Interface Identifiers and Physical Address Mapping......Page 479
IPv6 Special Addresses: Reserved, Private (Link-Local / Site-Local), Unspecified and Loopback......Page 480
IPv6/IPv4 Address Embedding......Page 484
IPv6 Multicast and Anycast Addressing......Page 486
IPv6 Autoconfiguration and Renumbering......Page 492
IPv6 Datagram Overview and General Structure......Page 495
IPv6 Datagram Main Header Format......Page 497
IPv6 Datagram Extension Headers......Page 501
IPv6 Datagram Options......Page 507
IPv6 Datagram Size, Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU), Fragmentation and Reassembly......Page 511
IPv6 Datagram Delivery and Routing......Page 516
IP NAT Overview, Motivation, Advantages and Disadvantages......Page 518
IP NAT Address Terminology......Page 522
IP NAT Static and Dynamic Address Mappings......Page 525
IP NAT Unidirectional (Traditional/Outbound) Operation......Page 527
IP NAT Bidirectional (Two-Way/Inbound) Operation......Page 531
IP NAT Port-Based ("Overloaded") Operation: Network Address Port Translation (NAPT) / Port Address Translation (PAT)......Page 535
IP NAT "Overlapping" / "Twice NAT" Operation......Page 539
IP NAT Compatibility Issues and Special Handling Requirements......Page 542
IPSec Overview, History and Standards......Page 545
IPSec General Operation, Components and Protocols......Page 548
IPSec Architectures and Implementation Methods......Page 550
IPSec Modes: Transport and Tunnel......Page 553
IPSec Security Associations and the Security Association Database (SAD); Security Policies and the Security Policy Database (SPD); Selectors; the Security Parameter Index (SPI)......Page 557
IPSec Authentication Header (AH)......Page 559
IPSec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)......Page 564
IPSec Key Exchange (IKE)......Page 569
Mobile IP Overview, History and Motivation......Page 572
Mobile IP Concepts and General Operation......Page 576
Mobile IP Addressing: Home and "Care-Of" Addresses......Page 580
Mobile IP Agent Discovery, and Agent Advertisement and Solicitation Messages......Page 583
Mobile IP Home Agent Registration and Registration Messages......Page 589
Mobile IP Data Encapsulation and Tunneling......Page 594
Mobile IP and TCP/IP Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Operation......Page 597
Mobile IP Efficiency Issues......Page 600
Mobile IP Security Considerations......Page 602
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP/ICMPv4 and ICMPv6)......Page 604
ICMP Overview, History, Versions and Standards......Page 605
ICMP General Operation......Page 607
ICMP Message Classes, Types and Codes......Page 610
ICMP Message Creation and Processing Conventions and Rules......Page 614
ICMP Common Message Format and Data Encapsulation......Page 616
ICMP Message Types and Formats......Page 619
ICMPv4 Destination Unreachable Messages......Page 620
ICMPv4 Source Quench Messages......Page 624
ICMPv4 Time Exceeded Messages......Page 626
ICMPv4 Redirect Messages......Page 629
ICMPv4 Parameter Problem Messages......Page 633
ICMPv4 Echo (Request) and Echo Reply Messages......Page 636
ICMPv4 Timestamp (Request) and Timestamp Reply Messages......Page 638
ICMPv4 Router Advertisement and Router Solicitation Messages......Page 640
ICMPv4 Address Mask Request and Reply Messages......Page 644
ICMPv4 Traceroute Messages......Page 646
ICMPv6 Destination Unreachable Messages......Page 649
ICMPv6 Packet Too Big Messages......Page 652
ICMPv6 Time Exceeded Messages......Page 654
ICMPv6 Parameter Problem Messages......Page 657
ICMP Version 6 (ICMPv6) Informational Message Types and Formats......Page 660
ICMPv6 Echo Request and Echo Reply Messages......Page 661
ICMPv6 Router Advertisement and Router Solicitation Messages......Page 662
ICMPv6 Neighbor Advertisement and Neighbor Solicitation Messages......Page 666
ICMPv6 Redirect Messages......Page 671
ICMPv6 Router Renumbering Messages......Page 673
ICMPv6 Informational Message Options......Page 677
IPv6 ND Overview, History, Motivation and Standards......Page 683
IPv6 ND General Operational Overview: ND Functions, Functional Groups and Message Types......Page 685
IPv6 ND Functions Compared to Equivalent IPv4 Functions......Page 688
IPv6 ND Host-Router Discovery Functions: Router Discovery, Prefix Discovery, Parameter Discovery and Address Autoconfiguration......Page 689
IPv6 ND Host-Host Communication Functions: Address Resolution, Next-Hop Determination, Neighbor Unreachability Detection and Duplicate Address Detection......Page 691
IPv6 ND Redirect Function......Page 693
TCP/IP Routing Protocols (Gateway Protocols)......Page 696
Overview Of Key Routing Protocol Concepts: Architectures, Protocol Types, Algorithms and Metrics......Page 698
TCP/IP Interior Routing Protocols (RIP, OSPF, GGP, HELLO, IGRP, EIGRP)......Page 703
TCP/IP Routing Information Protocol (RIP, RIP-2 and RIPng)......Page 704
RIP Overview, History, Standards and Versions......Page 705
RIP Route Determination Algorithm and Metric......Page 707
RIP General Operation, Messaging and Timers......Page 711
RIP Protocol Limitations and Problems......Page 714
RIP Special Features For Resolving RIP Algorithm Problems......Page 718
RIP Version 1 (RIP-1) Message Format......Page 723
RIP Version 2 (RIP-2) Message Format and Features......Page 726
RIPng ("RIPv6") Message Format and Features......Page 729
OSPF Overview, History, Standards and Versions......Page 733
OSPF Basic Topology and the Link State Database (LSDB)......Page 735
OSPF Hierarchical Topology, Areas and Router Roles......Page 738
OSPF Route Determination Using SPF Trees......Page 741
OSPF General Operation and Message Types......Page 745
OSPF Message Formats......Page 747
TCP/IP Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol (GGP)......Page 757
The HELLO Protocol (HELLO)......Page 759
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)......Page 761
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)......Page 763
TCP/IP Exterior Gateway/Routing Protocols (BGP and EGP)......Page 765
TCP/IP Border Gateway Protocol (BGP/BGP-4)......Page 766
BGP Overview, History, Standards and Versions......Page 767
BGP Topology, Speakers, Border Routers and Neighbor Relationships (Internal and External Peers)......Page 771
BGP Autonomous System Types, Traffic Flows and Routing Policies......Page 773
BGP Route Storage and Advertisement, and BGP Routing Information Bases (RIBs)......Page 776
BGP Path Attributes and Algorithm Overview......Page 777
BGP Route Determination and the BGP Decision Process......Page 780
BGP General Operation and Messaging......Page 782
BGP Message Generation and Transport, and General Message Format......Page 785
BGP Connection Establishment: Open Messages......Page 788
BGP Route Information Exchange: Update Messages......Page 791
BGP Connectivity Maintenance: Keepalive Messages......Page 796
BGP Error Reporting: Notification Messages......Page 798
TCP/IP Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)......Page 802
TCP/IP Transport Layer Protocols......Page 805
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP)......Page 806
TCP and UDP Overview and Role In TCP/IP......Page 807
TCP/IP Processes, Multiplexing and Client/Server Application Roles......Page 810
TCP/IP Ports: Transport Layer (TCP/UDP) Addressing......Page 813
TCP/IP Application Assignments and Server Port Number Ranges: Well- Known, Registered and Dynamic/Private Ports......Page 816
TCP/IP Client (Ephemeral) Ports and Client/Server Application Port Use......Page 818
TCP/IP Sockets and Socket Pairs: Process and Connection Identification......Page 821
Common TCP/IP Applications and Assigned Well-Known and Registered Port Numbers......Page 823
UDP Overview, History and Standards......Page 827
UDP Operation......Page 828
UDP Message Format......Page 830
UDP Common Applications and Server Port Assignments......Page 832
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)......Page 836
TCP Overview, History and Standards......Page 837
TCP Functions: What TCP Does......Page 840
TCP Characteristics: How TCP Does What It Does......Page 842
TCP Data Handling and Processing: Streams, Segments and Sequence Numbers......Page 845
TCP Sliding Window Acknowledgment System For Data Transport, Reliability and Flow Control......Page 849
TCP Ports, Connections and Connection Identification......Page 859
TCP Common Applications and Server Port Assignments......Page 861
TCP Operational Overview and the TCP Finite State Machine (FSM)......Page 864
TCP Connection Preparation: Transmission Control Blocks (TCBs) and Passive and Active Socket OPENs......Page 869
TCP Connection Establishment Process: The "Three-Way Handshake"......Page 871
TCP Connection Establishment Sequence Number Synchronization and Parameter Exchange......Page 876
TCP Connection Management and Problem Handling, the Connection Reset Function, and TCP "Keepalives"......Page 879
TCP Connection Termination......Page 882
TCP Message (Segment) Format......Page 889
TCP Checksum Calculation and the TCP "Pseudo Header"......Page 895
TCP Maximum Segment Size (MSS) and Relationship to IP Datagram Size......Page 898
TCP Sliding Window Data Transfer and Acknowledgement Mechanics......Page 901
TCP Immediate Data Transfer: "Push" Function......Page 912
TCP Priority Data Transfer: "Urgent" Function......Page 914
TCP Segment Retransmission Timers and the Retransmission Queue......Page 916
TCP Non-Contiguous Acknowledgment Handling and Selective Acknowledgment (SACK)......Page 919
TCP Adaptive Retransmission and Retransmission Timer Calculations......Page 925
TCP Window Size Adjustment and Flow Control......Page 928
TCP Window Management Issues......Page 932
TCP "Silly Window Syndrome" and Changes To the Sliding Window System For Avoiding Small-Window Problems......Page 936
TCP Congestion Handling and Congestion Avoidance Algorithms......Page 940
Summary Comparison of TCP/IP Transport Layer Protocols (UDP and TCP)......Page 945
TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols, Services and Applications (OSI Layers 5, 6 and 7)......Page 946
Name Systems and TCP/IP Name Registration and Name Resolution......Page 947
Name System Overview and Motivation......Page 948
Name System Functions: Name Space, Name Registration and Name Resolution......Page 952
Name Spaces and Name Architectures (Flat and Hierarchical)......Page 954
Name Registration Methods, Administration and Authorities......Page 957
Name Resolution Techniques and Functional Elements of A Name Resolution System......Page 960
Efficiency, Reliability and Other Name Resolution Issues and Features......Page 962
TCP/IP Name Systems: Host Tables and Domain Name System (DNS)......Page 964
Overview and History of TCP/IP Host Names and Name Systems......Page 965
TCP/IP Host Table Name System......Page 967
TCP/IP Domain Name System (DNS)......Page 971
DNS Overview, History and Standards......Page 972
DNS Design Goals, Objectives and Assumptions......Page 975
DNS Components and General Functions......Page 977
DNS Domains and the DNS Hierarchical Name Architecture......Page 981
DNS Structural Elements and Terminology: Domains, Subdomains, and Nodes; Roots, Leaves and Branches; Parents, Children and Siblings......Page 983
DNS Labels, Names and Syntax Rules......Page 987
Absolute (Fully-Qualified) and Relative (Partially-Qualified) Domain Name Specifications......Page 990
DNS Hierarchical Authority Structure and the Distributed Name Database......Page 992
DNS Organizational (Generic) Top Level Domains and Authorities......Page 994
DNS Geopolitical (Country Code) Top Level Domains and Authorities......Page 999
DNS Second-Level and Lower Domains, Delegation of Registration Authority and Public Registration......Page 1002
DNS Public Registration Disputes (Conflicts, Cybersquatting, "Deceptive Naming", Etc.) and Dispute Resolution......Page 1003
DNS Name Space Administrative Hierarchy Partitioning: DNS Zones of Authority......Page 1007
DNS Private Name Registration......Page 1010
DNS Name Servers and Name Resolution......Page 1013
DNS Name Server Functions, Name Server Architecture and General Operation......Page 1014
DNS Name Server Data Storage: Resource Records and Classes......Page 1017
DNS Name Server Types and Roles: Primary/Master, Secondary/Slave and Caching- Only Servers......Page 1020
DNS Zone Management, Contacts and Zone Transfers......Page 1023
DNS Root Name Servers......Page 1026
DNS Name Server Caching, Negative Caching and Data Persistence......Page 1028
DNS Name Server Load Balancing......Page 1032
DNS Name Server Enhancements: DNS Notify, Incremental Zone Transfers, and DNS Update (Dynamic DNS)......Page 1033
DNS Resolver Functions and General Operation......Page 1037
DNS Basic Name Resolution Techniques: Iterative and Recursive Resolution......Page 1039
DNS Name Resolution Efficiency Improvements: Caching and Local Resolution......Page 1043
DNS Name Resolution Process......Page 1046
DNS Reverse Name Resolution Using the IN-ADDR.ARPA Domain......Page 1049
DNS Electronic Mail Support and Mail Exchange (MX) Resource Records......Page 1053
DNS Message Generation and Transport......Page 1056
DNS Message Processing and General Message Format......Page 1058
DNS Message Header and Question Section Format......Page 1061
DNS Message Resource Record Field Formats......Page 1066
DNS Name Notation and Message Compression Technique......Page 1071
DNS Master File Format......Page 1074
DNS Changes To Support IP Version 6......Page 1079
Network File and Resource Sharing Protocols and the TCP/IP Network File System (NFS)......Page 1081
Overview of File and Resource Sharing Protocol Concepts and Operation......Page 1082
NFS Overview, History, Versions and Standards......Page 1084
NFS Architecture and Components......Page 1086
NFS Data Storage and Data Types, and the External Data Representation (XDR) Standard......Page 1089
NFS Client/Server Operation Using Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs)......Page 1091
NFS Server Procedures and Operations......Page 1094
NFS File System Model and the Mount Protocol......Page 1099
TCP/IP Network Configuration and Management Protocols (BOOTP, DHCP, SNMP and RMON)......Page 1101
Host Configuration and TCP/IP Host Configuration Protocols (BOOTP and DHCP)......Page 1102
Host Configuration Concepts, Issues and Motivation......Page 1103
BOOTP Overview, History and Standards......Page 1106
BOOTP Client/Server Messaging and Addressing......Page 1109
BOOTP Detailed Operation......Page 1112
BOOTP Message Format......Page 1115
BOOTP Vendor-Specific Area and Vendor Information Extensions......Page 1119
BOOTP Relay Agents (Forwarding Agents)......Page 1122
TCP/IP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)......Page 1127
DHCP Overview, Motivation, History and Standards......Page 1128
DHCP Address Assignment and Allocation Mechanisms......Page 1131
DHCP Leases, Lease Length Policies and Management......Page 1134
DHCP Lease "Life Cycle" Overview (Allocation, Reallocation, Renewal, Rebinding and Release) and Lease Timers......Page 1137
DHCP Lease Address Pools, Ranges (Scopes) and Address Management......Page 1140
DHCP Overview of Client and Server Responsibilities......Page 1144
DHCP Configuration Parameters, Storage and Communication......Page 1146
DHCP General Operation and Client Finite State Machine......Page 1148
DHCP Lease Allocation Process......Page 1151
DHCP Lease Reallocation Process......Page 1158
DHCP Lease Renewal and Rebinding Processes......Page 1161
DHCP Early Lease Termination (Release) Process......Page 1165
DHCP Parameter Configuration Process For Clients With Non-DHCP Addresses......Page 1166
DHCP Message Generation, Addressing, Transport and Retransmission......Page 1169
DHCP Message Format......Page 1172
DHCP Options, Option Format and "Option Overloading"......Page 1175
Summary Of DHCP Options / BOOTP Vendor Information Fields......Page 1181
DHCP Server General Implementation and Management Issues......Page 1190
DHCP Client General Implementation and Management Issues......Page 1192
DHCP Message Relaying and BOOTP Relay Agents......Page 1193
DHCP Autoconfiguration / Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)......Page 1195
DHCP Server Conflict Detection......Page 1198
DHCP and BOOTP Interoperability......Page 1199
DHCP Security Issues......Page 1201
DHCP For IP Version 6 (DHCPv6)......Page 1203
TCP/IP Network Management Framework and Protocols (SNMP and RMON)......Page 1205
Overview and History of the TCP/IP Internet Standard Management Framework and Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)......Page 1206
TCP/IP SNMP Operational Model, Components and Terminology.......Page 1209
TCP/IP Internet Standard Management Framework Architecture and Protocol Components......Page 1212
TCP/IP Internet Standard Management Framework and SNMP Versions (SNMPv1, SNMPv2 Variants, SNMPv3)......Page 1214
TCP/IP Internet Standard Management Framework and SNMP Standards......Page 1217
TCP/IP Structure of Management Information (SMI) and Management Information Bases (MIBs) Overview......Page 1222
TCP/IP MIB Objects, Object Characteristics and Object Types......Page 1226
TCP/IP MIB Object Descriptors and Identifiers and the Object Name Hierarchy and Name Notation......Page 1230
TCP/IP MIB Modules and Object Groups......Page 1234
TCP/IP Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Protocol......Page 1239
SNMP Protocol Overview, History and General Concepts......Page 1240
SNMP Protocol General Operation, Communication Methods and Message Classes......Page 1242
SNMP Protocol Basic Request/Response Information Poll Using GetRequest and (Get)Response Messages......Page 1245
SNMP Protocol Table Traversal Using GetNextRequest and GetBulkRequest Messages......Page 1246
SNMP Protocol Object Modification Using SetRequest Messages......Page 1248
SNMP Protocol Information Notification Using Trap(v2) and InformRequest Messages......Page 1250
SNMP Protocol Security Issues and Methods......Page 1252
SNMP Protocol Message Generation, Addressing, Transport and Retransmission......Page 1255
SNMP Message Field Definitions, General Message Format and Message Sections......Page 1257
SNMP Version 1 (SNMPv1) Message Format......Page 1261
SNMP Version 2 (SNMPv2) Message Formats......Page 1265
SNMP Version 3 (SNMPv3) Message Format......Page 1274
TCP/IP Remote Network Monitoring (RMON)......Page 1279
TCP/IP Key Applications and Application Protocols......Page 1283
TCP/IP Application Layer Addressing: Uniform Resource Identifiers, Locators and Names (URIs, URLs and URNs)......Page 1284
Uniform Resource Identifiers, Locators and Names (URIs, URLs and URNs): Overview, History, Significance and Standards......Page 1285
URL General Syntax......Page 1288
URL Schemes (Applications / Access Methods) and Scheme-Specific Syntaxes......Page 1292
URL Relative Syntax and Base URLs......Page 1296
URL Length and Complexity Issues......Page 1300
URL Obscuration, Obfuscation and General Trickery......Page 1303
Uniform Resource Names (URNs)......Page 1308
TCP/IP File and Message Transfer Applications and Protocols (FTP, TFTP, Electronic Mail, USENET, HTTP/WWW, Gopher)......Page 1312
File and Message Transfer Overview and Application Categories......Page 1313
TCP/IP General File Transfer Protocols (FTP and TFTP)......Page 1315
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)......Page 1316
FTP Overview, History and Standards......Page 1317
FTP Operational Model, Protocol Components and Key Terminology......Page 1319
FTP Control Connection Establishment, User Authentication and Anonymous FTP Access......Page 1323
FTP Data Connection Management, Normal (Active) and Passive Data Connections and Port Usage......Page 1326
FTP General Data Communication and Transmission Modes......Page 1330
FTP Data Representation: Data Types, Data Structures and Format Control......Page 1331
FTP Internal Protocol Commands and Command Groups......Page 1335
FTP Replies, Reply Code Format and Important Reply Codes......Page 1339
FTP User Interface and User Commands......Page 1344
FTP Sample User and Internal Command Dialog......Page 1348
TFTP Overview, History and Standards......Page 1351
TFTP General Operation, Connection Establishment and Client/Server Communication......Page 1354
TFTP Detailed Operation and Messaging......Page 1356
TFTP Options and Option Negotiation......Page 1359
TFTP Message Formats......Page 1363
TCP/IP Electronic Mail System: Concepts and Protocols (RFC 822, MIME, SMTP, POP3, IMAP)......Page 1369
TCP/IP Electronic Mail System Overview and History......Page 1370
TCP/IP Electronic Mail Communication Overview: Message Composition, Submission, Delivery, Receipt, Processing and Access......Page 1372
TCP/IP Electronic Mail Message Communication Model and Device and Protocol Roles......Page 1375
TCP/IP Electronic Mail Addressing and Address Resolution......Page 1379
TCP/IP Historical and Special Electronic Mail Addressing......Page 1382
TCP/IP Electronic Mail Aliases / Address Books, Multiple Recipient Addressing and Electronic Mailing Lists......Page 1384
TCP/IP Electronic Mail Message Formats and Message Processing: RFC 822 and MIME......Page 1387
TCP/IP Electronic Mail RFC 822 Standard Message Format Overview, Structure and General Formatting Rules......Page 1388
TCP/IP Electronic Mail RFC 822 Standard Message Format Header Field Definitions and Groups......Page 1391
TCP/IP Electronic Mail RFC 822 Standard Message Format Processing and Interpretation......Page 1395
MIME Message Format Overview, Motivation, History and Standards......Page 1398
MIME Basic Structures and Headers......Page 1401
MIME Content-Type Header and Discrete Media: Types, Subtypes and Parameters......Page 1405
MIME Composite Media Types: Multipart and Encapsulated Message Structures......Page 1411
MIME Content-Transfer-Encoding Header and Encoding Methods......Page 1416
MIME Extension for Non-ASCII Mail Message Headers......Page 1420
SMTP Overview, History and Standards......Page 1422
SMTP Communication and Message Transport Methods, Client/Server Roles and Terminology......Page 1424
SMTP Connection and Session Establishment and Termination......Page 1426
SMTP Mail Transaction Process......Page 1430
SMTP Special Features, Capabilities and Extensions......Page 1434
SMTP Security Issues......Page 1436
SMTP Commands......Page 1439
SMTP Replies and Reply Codes......Page 1441
TCP/IP Electronic Mail Access and Retrieval Protocols and Methods......Page 1446
TCP/IP Electronic Mail Mailbox Access Model, Method and Protocol Overview......Page 1447
POP Overview, History, Versions and Standards......Page 1450
POP3 General Operation, Client/Server Communication and Session States......Page 1452
POP3 Authorization State: User Authentication Process and Commands......Page 1453
POP3 Transaction State: Mail and Information Exchange Process and Commands......Page 1456
POP3 Update State: Mailbox Update and Session Termination Process and Commands......Page 1461
IMAP Overview, History, Versions and Standards......Page 1463
IMAP General Operation, Client/Server Communication and Session States......Page 1466
IMAP Commands, Results and Responses......Page 1469
IMAP Not Authenticated State: User Authentication Process and Commands......Page 1472
IMAP Authenticated State: Mailbox Manipulation/Selection Process and Commands......Page 1474
IMAP Selected State: Message Manipulation Process and Commands......Page 1476
TCP/IP Direct Server Electronic Mail Access......Page 1479
TCP/IP World Wide Web Electronic Mail Access......Page 1481
Usenet (Network News) and the TCP/IP Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)......Page 1483
Usenet Overview, History and Standards......Page 1484
Usenet Communication Model: Message Composition, Posting, Storage, Propagation and Access......Page 1487
Usenet Addressing: Newsgroups, Newsgroup Hierarchies and Types......Page 1490
Usenet Message Format and Special Headers......Page 1494
NNTP Overview and General Operation......Page 1499
NNTP Inter-Server Communication Process: News Article Propagation......Page 1501
NNTP Client-Server Communication Process: News Posting and Access......Page 1505
NNTP Commands......Page 1509
NNTP Command Extensions......Page 1512
NNTP Status Responses and Response Codes......Page 1517
TCP/IP World Wide Web (WWW, "The Web") and the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)......Page 1522
World Wide Web and Hypertext Overview and History......Page 1523
World Wide Web System Concepts and Components......Page 1525
World Wide Web Media and the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)......Page 1528
World Wide Web Addressing: HTTP Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)......Page 1533
TCP/IP Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)......Page 1536
HTTP Overview, History, Versions and Standards......Page 1537
HTTP Operational Model and Client/Server Communication......Page 1540
HTTP Transitory and Persistent Connections and Pipelining......Page 1543
HTTP Persistent Connection Establishment, Management and Termination......Page 1545
HTTP Generic Message Format......Page 1548
HTTP Request Message Format......Page 1550
HTTP Response Message Format......Page 1553
HTTP Methods......Page 1555
HTTP Status Code Format, Status Codes and Reason Phrases......Page 1559
HTTP General Headers......Page 1565
HTTP Request Headers......Page 1569
HTTP Response Headers......Page 1573
HTTP Entity Headers......Page 1575
HTTP Entities and Internet Media Types......Page 1578
HTTP Data Transfer, Content Encodings and Transfer Encodings......Page 1580
HTTP Data Length Issues, "Chunked" Transfers and Message Trailers......Page 1583
HTTP Content Negotiation and "Quality Values"......Page 1587
HTTP Caching Features and Issues......Page 1590
HTTP Proxy Servers and Proxying......Page 1594
HTTP Security and Privacy......Page 1597
HTTP State Management Using "Cookies"......Page 1599
Gopher Protocol (Gopher)......Page 1603
TCP/IP Interactive and Remote Application Protocols......Page 1607
Telnet Overview, History and Standards......Page 1608
Telnet Connections and Client/Server Operation......Page 1611
Telnet Communications Model and the Network Virtual Terminal (NVT)......Page 1613
Telnet Protocol Commands......Page 1617
Telnet Interrupt Handling Using Out-Of-Band Signaling: The Telnet Synch Function......Page 1620
Telnet Options and Option Negotiation......Page 1622
Berkeley Remote Login (rlogin)......Page 1628
Berkeley Remote Shell (rsh)......Page 1630
Other Berkeley Remote ("r") Commands (rcp, ruptime, rwho)......Page 1631
Internet Relay Chat Protocol (IRC)......Page 1633
TCP/IP Administration and Troubleshooting Utilities and Protocols......Page 1636
TCP/IP Host Name Utility (hostname)......Page 1637
TCP/IP Communication Verification Utility (ping/ping6)......Page 1638
TCP/IP Route Tracing Utility (traceroute/tracert/traceroute6)......Page 1643
TCP/IP Address Resolution Protocol Utility (arp)......Page 1648
TCP/IP DNS Name Resolution and Information Lookup Utilities (nslookup, host and dig)......Page 1649
TCP/IP DNS Registry Database Lookup Utility (whois/nicname)......Page 1655
TCP/IP Network Status Utility (netstat)......Page 1657
TCP/IP Configuration Utilities (ipconfig, winipcfg and ifconfig)......Page 1664
Miscellaneous TCP/IP Troubleshooting Protocols: Echo, Discard, Character Generator, Quote Of The Day, Active Users, Daytime, Time......Page 1670
