The Suez Canal: Past Lessons and Future Challenges

Acknowledgments
Introduction
A brief history of the Canal
The Suez Canal and the Superpowers
The Book’s Structure
Praise for The Suez Canal: Past Lessons and Future Challenges
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
Part I Politics, Geopolitics, and Geostrategy
The Suez Canal: Forthcoming Strategic and Geopolitical Challenges
The Suez Canal in Egypt’s Economy: General Characteristics
Expansion of the Suez Canal and China’s Belt and Road Initiative
Maritime Security and the Suez Canal
Alternative Trade Routes: An Emerging Challenge
Egypt’s Approach to Securing the Suez Canal
Conclusions: Egypt’s Challenges and Opportunities in the Suez Canal
Notes
China and the Suez Canal—Politics, Economy, and Logistics
Developments in Egypt
Suez Canal Doubling Initiative
Egypt Vision 2030
The New Administrative Capital Initiative
The Golden Triangle Project in Southern Egypt
China
Chinese Foreign Policy
Egypt and China
Diversifying Egypt’s Foreign Relations Beyond the United States to Ties with China and Russia
Chinese Shipping as a Significant (Albeit Perhaps “Captive”) Customer of the Suez Canal
China as a Provider of Infrastructure Services
Chinese Investments Entering Egypt as Source for Foreign Capital and New Technology
Chinese Projects in Egypt
Conclusion
Notes
The Butterfly Effect: The Influence of the Nixon Administration’s Preoccupation with Vietnam on Sadat’s February 1971 Proposal to Reopen the Suez Canal
New President, New Opportunities
A Dress Rehearsal for February: General Amin’s Mission
Sadat’s Initiative to Reopen the Suez Canal
The Sounds of Silence from the White House
Conclusion
Notes
Part II Energy Aspects
Suez and the United States: Oil, Lifelines, and “All of Mankind” in the Cold War
Suez, Oil, and the Early Cold War
“The Loss of Suez,” 1956
The Suez Threat in 1967
The Energy Crisis
Conclusion
Notes
The Global Oil Market and the Status of the Suez Canal
The Suez Canal and the Oil Industry in the Middle East
The Arab–Israeli Conflict and Its Effect on the Transport of Oil Through the Canal
Oil Crises and Their Effect on Canal Traffic and Income
The Effect of OPEC on the Suez Canal
Future Trends in the Oil Market and Their Impact on the Status of the Suez Canal
Conclusions
Notes
Part III Legal Aspects
Freedom of Navigation in the Suez Canal and the Channels: Law of the Sea
“Strait” and “Canal”: Definitions under the Law of the Sea
Development of the Right to Freedom of Navigation in the Suez Canal and the Straits
The Right to Freedom of Navigation in the Suez Canal
The Right to Freedom of Navigation in the Straits
Discussion and Conclusion
Notes
International Law and Freedom of Navigation Through the Suez Canal
The 1888 Constantinople Convention
Egyptian Legal Justifications for Preventing Israeli Use of the Canal
The Relevance of the 1949 Egypt-Israel Armistice Agreement
The Role of the UN as Regards Navigation in the Canal
The Canal Post-1967
Notes
Israel’s Freedom of Passage in the Suez Canal, 1957–1967
Israel and Attainment of Freedom of Passage in the Suez Canal, 1948–1956
The Attainment of a Tacit Arrangement Regarding Freedom of Passage in the Suez Canal Following the War, November 1956–July 1957
UNSG Activities
Egyptian Policy and Hammarskjöld’s Efforts After the Opening of the Canal
External Pressures
Israeli Policy Formation, April–June 1957
Linkage and the Israeli Political-Legal Quagmire
Applying the Chosen Political Course
Operation of the “Tacit Understanding,” July 1957–March 1959
Passage of Contraband Cargo
Passage of Ships Under the Israeli Flag
The Collapse of the “Tacit Understanding” and Israel’s Failure to Restore It, March 1959–June 1960
Israel’s Response After the Detention of the Inge Toft
The Legal and Diplomatic Struggle
Military Response
Hammarskjöld’s Compromise: The “Effective Stand”
The Loan from the IBRD
“The Quiet Test”: Testing the “Effective Stand” (the Astypalea)
The Inge Toft Affair: Conclusion
Continuation of the Diplomatic Struggle: The Attempt to Release the Astypalea
Propaganda Gains
Military Response
Finale
Conclusion
Notes
Part IV Environmental and Human Impacts
The Impact of the Suez Canal on Egypt’s Geography and Economy, 1867–2019 (150 Years Since Its Opening)
Defining the Suez Canal Area
Suez Canal—Basic Data (Source SCA)
The Canal's Contribution to Urbanization, Population and Dispersal of the Population in Egypt
The Contribution of the Canal Area to Egyptian Agriculture Data
Indirect Implications of the Suez Canal for Egypt's Economy and Security
What Is Israel's Connection to the Canal Area?
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
A Sea, a Canal, a Disaster: The Suez Canal and the Transformation of the Mediterranean Biota
The Mediterranean Sea
The Suez Canal
A Very Brief History
The Expansion of the Suez Canal
A Disaster
Legislative Response, But No Action, to Erythraean Invasions in the Mediterranean Sea
Notes
Increased Anthropogenic Activity in the Mediterranean Since the Opening of the Suez Canal
Anthropogenic Activity in the Mediterranean Sea
Mapping Human Impacts in the Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea Stressors
Suez Canal
Oil Pollution
Artificial Nighttime Light Pollution
Conclusion
Notes
References
Stranding of the Mega-Ship Ever Given in the Suez Canal: Causes, Consequences, and Lessons to Be Learned
Historic Perspective
Narrative of Events
The Aftermath
Discussion
Notes
Conclusion
What Have We Learned?
Where Do We Go from Here?
Interaction
Strategies
Intervention
Stability
Conclusion
Index