The Structure of Matter

Front Cover
Title Page
CONTENTS
PREFACE
PART I ATOMIC STRUCTURE
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
1.1. Atoms
1.2. The Avogadro Number
1.3. Mass and Size of Atoms
1.4. The Constituents of an Atom: Electrons and the Nucleus
CHAPTER TWO ATOMIC SPECTRA
2.1. Principle of Operation of Spectrographs; Kinds of Spectra
2.2. The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen
2.3. The Spectra of Other Elements
2.4. The Concept of Light Quantum
2.5. History of the Development of the Concepts of Atomic Structure
CHAPTER THREE THE WAVE PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL PARTICLES
3.1. Dual Nature of Light
3.2. The Law of Interdependence of Mass and Energy
3.3. Compton Effect
3.4. De Broglie Waves
3.5. Quantum Mechanics; the Schrodinger Equation
CHAPTER FOUR QUANTUM-MECHANICAL EXPLANATION OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE
4.1. Solution of the Schrodinger Equation for the One-Dimensional Square-Well Model
4.2. Three-Dimensional Square-Well Model
4.3. Quantum-Mechanical Explanation of Structure of Hydrogen Atom
4.4. Quantum Numbers of Electrons in Atoms
4.5. Many-Electron Atoms
4.6. Origination of Spectra
4.7. Energy Characteristics of Atoms: Ionization Energy and Electron Affinity
PART II MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC LAW AND THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS OF ELEMENTS
CHAPTER FIVE INTRODUCTION
5.1. The Modern Formulation of the Periodic Law
5.2. The Structure of the Periodic System
5.3. Predicting the Properties of Substances with the Aid of the Periodic Law
CHAPTER SIX THE PERIODIC SYSTEM OF THE ELEMENTSAND THEIR ATOMIC STRUCTURE
6.1. Filling of Electron Shells and Subshells
6.2. Variation of Ionization Energies
6.3. Secondary Periodicity
CHAPTER SEVEN ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF FORMS AND PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
7.1. Oxidation State
7.2. Atomic and Ionic Radii
7.3. Coordination Number
7.4. Compounds Containing R-H and R-O- Bonds
7.5. Acids, Bases, and Amphoteric Compounds
7.6. Dependence of the Strength of Acids and Bases on the Charge and Radius of the Ion of the Element Forming Them
CHAPTER EIGHT ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND THEIR COMPOUNDS
8.1. First Group
8.2. Second Group
8.3. Third Group
8.4. Fourth Group
8.5. Fifth Group
8.6. Sixth Group
8.7. Seventh Group
8.8. Eighth Group
8.9. Zero Group
8.10. Some Conclusions
CHAPTER NINE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PERIODIC LAW
PART III THE STRUCTURE OF MOLECULES AND THE CHEMICAL BOND
CHAPTER TEN INTRODUCTION
10.1. Molecules, Ions and Free Radicals
10.2. Development of Conceptions of the Chemical Bond and Valence
10.3. A. Butlerov’s Theory of Chemical Structure
10.4. Structural Isomerism
10.5. Spatial Isomerism
CHAPTER ELEVEN BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CHEMICAL BOND-LENGTH, DIRECTION, STRENGTH
11.1. Length of Bonds
11.2. Valence Angles
11.3. Strength of the Bond
CHAPTER TWELVE PHYSICAL METHODS OF DETERMINING MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
12.1. Electron-Diffraction Examination
12.2. Molecular Spectra
CHAPTER THIRTEEN BASIC TYPES OF THE CHEMICAL BOND-IONICAND COVALENT BOND
13.1. Electronegativity of the Elements
13.2. Ionic and Covalent Bond
13.3. The Dipole Moment and Molecular Structure
13.4. Effective Charges
CHAPTER FOURTEEN QUANTUM-MECHANICAL EXPLANATION OF THE COVALENT BOND
14.1. Solution of the Schrodinger EquationUsing Approximate Functions
14.2. Potential Energy Curves for Molecules
14.3. Results of Quantum-Mechanical Treatment of the Hydrogen Molecule by Heitler and London
14.4. Valence of the Elements on the Basis of the Heitler and London Theory
14.5. Explanation of the Orientation of Valence
14.6. Single, Double and Triple Bonds
14.7. The Donor-Acceptor Bond
14.8. The Bond in Electron-Deficient Molecules
14.9. Molecular Orbital Method
14.10. Molecular Orbitals in Diatomic Molecules
14.11. Hiickel Method
CHAPTER FIFTEEN THE IONIC BOND
15.1. Energy of the Ionic Bond
15.2. Ionic Polarization
15.3. Effect of Polarization on Properties of Substances
15.4. The Polar Bond and Electronegativity
CHAPTER SIXTEEN THE CHEMICAL BOND IN COMPLEX COMPOUNDS
16.1. Complex Compounds
16.2 Isomerism of Complex Compounds
16.3. Explanation of the Chemical Bond in Complexes on the Basis of Electrostatic Conceptions
16.4. Quantum-Mechanical Interpretation of the Chemical Bond in Complex Compounds
16.5. Valence Bond Method
16.6. Crystal Field Theory
16.7. Molecular Orbitals in Complex Compounds
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN THE HYDROGEN BOND
PART IV THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER IN THE CONDENSED STATE
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN INTRODUCTION
18.1. Aggregate States
18.2. Molecular Interaction
CHAPTER NINETEEN THE CRYSTALLINE STATE
19.1. Characteristics of the Crystalline State
19.2. Study of Crystal Structure
19.3. Types of Crystal Lattices
19.4. Some Crystal Structures
19.5. Energetics of Ionic Crystals
CHAPTER TWENTY LIQUID AND AMORPHOUS STATES
20.1. Structure of Liquids
20.2. The Structure of Water
20.3. Solutions of Electrolytes
20.4. The Amorphous State
APPENDICES
I. Determination of the ratio e/m for an electron.
II. Characteristics of wave motion. Interference and diffraction of waves.
III. Construction of the Schrodinger equation.
IV. Polarization of light.
V. Derivation of relationship describing electron diffraction by molecules.
VI. Moment of inertia.
VII. Expressions for wave functions of hybrid orbitals.
VIII. Electron spin and magnetic properties of matter.
IX. Calculation of the absorption spectra of polymethylene dyes.
X. Solution of homogeneous sets of linear equations.
VALUES OF UNITS OF MEASURE AND PHYSICAL CONSTANTS USED IN THE BOOK IN THE SI SYSTEM OF UNITS
NAME INDEX
SUBJECT INDEX