The Social City: Space as Collaborative Media to Enhance the Value of the City

Preface
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Consumer Behaviors and New Urban Development Trends
1.1 New Trends in Urban Development
1.1.1 City Planning at a Major Turning Point
1.1.2 The Possibility of New City Planning: The Social City
1.1.3 What Is ``The Social City´´?
1.2 Viewpoints of the City
1.2.1 Physical System of the City
1.2.2 Activity System of the City
1.2.3 Social Decision-Making System of the City
1.2.4 The City as a City Formation System
1.3 Why Focus on the Social City?
1.3.1 Innovation in the Scientific Evaluation of Urban Development Policies
1.3.2 From Aggregate Data to Micro-Behavioral Data
1.3.3 Consumer Behavior and Information
1.3.4 Innovation in City Formation System
1.4 Utilization of Social Media
1.4.1 Use of Social Media
1.4.2 Effectiveness of Social Media in a City
1.5 Composition of this Book
References
Part I: Activity and Value in Towns
Chapter 2: The Evaluation of Urban Development Policies: From Activity Effect Approach to Consumer Behavior Approach
2.1 Viewpoints for Evaluating a City
2.1.1 Three Evaluation Schemes
2.1.2 Ideal City-Type Evaluation Scheme
2.1.3 Activity Effect-Type Evaluation Scheme
2.1.3.1 Basic Form
2.1.3.2 Physical-Activity Interdependence Extension Form
2.1.3.3 Policy Extension Form
2.1.4 City Formation System-Type Evaluation Scheme
2.2 Evaluating a City from Consumer´s Kaiyu Behavior
2.2.1 What Is Kaiyu Behavior?
2.2.2 How Has Large-Scale Commercial Redevelopment Changed the Flow of People? Changes in Kaiyu Behavior Due to Large-Scale Co...
2.2.3 The ``Walking Path of History´´ in Dazaifu City
2.3 Evaluation of Urban Development Policies Based on the Consumer Behavior Approach
2.3.1 Kaiyu and the Economic Effect: From the Activity Effect Type to the Consumer Behavior Approach
2.3.2 What Is the Consumer Behavior Approach?
2.3.3 Economic Effect of One-Dollar City Center Circuit Buses
2.3.4 Economic Effect of City Center Cafés
2.3.5 Economic Effect of the Opening of a Subway in the City Center Commercial District of Fukuoka City
References
Chapter 3: The Goal of Urban Development: An Emerging View of Town Equity
3.1 Information and Evaluation of a City
3.1.1 Information and the Hypothesis on the Attractiveness of a City: Information Evolution Through Town Walking
3.1.1.1 Hard Tricks: A Case of Canal City Hakata
3.1.1.2 Soft Tricks: The Concept of Hypertext City
3.2 Town Walking and Information Interaction
3.2.1 Social Experiment Investigating Consumers´ Information Processing Behavior Using Smartphones
3.2.2 Consumer´s Information Processing Micro-Behavior History Data
3.2.3 Information Easily Chosen and Highly Kaiyu-Inducing Information
3.3 Consumer Behavior as Revealed Evaluation of a City
3.3.1 Did the Grand Renewal Opening of the Department Store Increase the Value of the City?
3.3.2 A New Entry of a Large Variety Shop Increased the Value of the City Center?
3.4 The Concept of Town Equity
3.4.1 Dynamics of Hotspot Changes in City Centers
3.4.2 Brand Equity
3.4.3 Definition of Town Equity
3.5 The Goal of Urban Development
3.5.1 Clarifying the Goal of Urban Development
3.5.2 The City Center Parking Lot Policy: Regarding the Town as One Entity
3.6 Scientific Evaluation of Urban Development Policy
3.6.1 Models and Statistical Methods Used in Kaiyu Studies
3.6.1.1 Choice-Based Sampling Bias in the On-Site Survey
3.6.1.2 Consistent Method to Estimate Kaiyu Density
3.6.1.3 Kaiyu Markov Model with Explanatory Variables
3.6.1.4 Retrospective Panel Data
3.6.2 New Possibilities for Urban Development Policy Evaluation
3.6.3 Forecasting Changes Due to Urban Development Policies
References
Chapter 4: City Marketing
4.1 A New Kind of Consumer
4.1.1 Real Space Homogenization and Showrooming
4.1.2 Changes in Japanese Values and Consumption Behavior in NRI Consumer Questionnaires
4.2 Human-Centered Design (HCD) and User Experience (UX)
4.2.1 HCD and International Standard ISO9241-210
4.2.2 User Experience (UX)
4.2.3 UX Evaluation of a Town Space
4.3 Diversifying Values and Approaches to New Consumers
4.3.1 Collecting Data
4.3.2 Influencers and Creators
4.3.3 Impact of the Experiment
4.3.4 Demonstration Experiment at Restaurant ``Realta´´
4.4 In Closing
References
Chapter 5: Kaiyu Analytics Enhances the Value of the City: The Town Equity and Big Data
5.1 Introduction
5.2 What Is Kaiyu Analytics?
5.3 The Consistent Estimation Method to Accurately Measure the Flow of People
5.4 Kaiyu Analytics and Big Data
5.5 Focusing on Kaiyu Behavior
5.5.1 Agglomeration Effect
5.5.2 Metatheory of City Planning Research
5.6 Smart Cities and Computational Social Sciences
5.7 Kaiyu Micro-Behavior History Data and Economic Effects
5.8 Town Equity, Urban Development Marketing, and the Idea of the Hypertext City
5.9 Town Equity Management System (TEMS)
5.10 Real-Time City Through Kaiyu Analytics
References
Part II: Activity Visualization in Cities for Urban Development
Chapter 6: Use of Social Graphs and Social Networking Sites
6.1 Social Community Formation
6.1.1 Delivering Information as ``Advice from Acquaintances´´ and not as Advertisement
6.1.2 Interactive Communication in the Webspace
6.1.3 Establishing SNS and Social Graphs
6.2 Visualizing Human Relationships
6.2.1 Appearance of Facebook/Twitter and Social Community
6.2.2 Interactive Communication Approaches in Real Space
6.2.3 Features of the Compass Service Provided by Grand Front Osaka
References
Chapter 7: Mobile Communications in Japan
7.1 Use of Mobile Information Communication Terminals
7.1.1 Mobile Communication Terminal
7.1.2 History of the Popularization of MCTs in Japan
7.1.3 History of Mobile Communication
7.1.4 Cloud Networks and Mobile Sensing
7.2 Newly Enabled Applications by MCTs and Mobile Networks
7.2.1 Mobile Sensing in Town Spaces
7.2.2 Behavior Recognition in Town Spaces
7.2.3 Indoor Positioning
7.2.4 Human Probing
7.3 Recommendation Using Real-Space Information
References
Part III: Monitoring Methods of Human Activity and Environment in Open Space
Chapter 8: Mobile Sensing Technologies and Their Diverse Potentials
8.1 Potentials of Mobile Sensing Technologies
8.2 Localization and Tracking Based on MSTs
8.2.1 Basic Components of Localization Based on xDR
8.2.2 Localization with Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR)
8.2.2.1 Speed Estimation for Pedestrians
8.2.2.2 Direction Estimation for Pedestrians
8.2.3 Localization Based on Dead Reckoning for Vehicles (VDR)
8.2.3.1 Speed Estimation for Vehicles
8.2.4 Towards Universal Dead Reckoning (UDR)
8.3 Status Sensing Technologies for Human and Mobile Platforms
8.3.1 Self-Health Monitoring for Humans
8.3.2 Self-Monitoring on Mobile Platforms
8.4 Surrounding Environment Surveying Technologies with MST
8.4.1 Estimation of Road Conditions, Unevenness, and Degradation
8.4.2 Smart Contact Tracing Applications
8.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Visualization of the Urban Thermal Environment Using Thermography
9.1 Focus on the Urban Thermal Environment
9.1.1 Cityscape and Thermal Environment
9.1.2 Thermal Radiation and Comfort
9.1.2.1 Relationship Between Elements of the Thermal Environment and the Thermal Comfort of the Human Body
9.1.2.2 Thermal Radiation Evaluation Index
9.1.2.3 Influence of Thermal Radiation on the Thermal Comfort of the Human Body
9.1.2.4 Calculation of MRT
9.2 City Planning and Surface Temperature
9.2.1 Determining Surface Temperature
9.2.2 Surface Temperature in the Heat Transfer Equation
9.3 Visualization of the Thermal Environment
9.3.1 What Is a Thermal Infrared Camera?
9.3.2 Measurement Principle of the Thermal Infrared Camera
9.3.3 What Does the Thermal Infrared Camera Measure?
9.3.4 Observing the Thermal Environment of the City by Thermography
9.3.4.1 Surface Temperature Distribution of the City Captured by a Thermal Infrared Camera
9.3.4.2 Calculating the MRT of the City by Spherical Thermograph
Further Reading
Chapter 10: Designing the Urban Thermal Environment Using Thermal Simulation
10.1 City Planning and Thermal Environment Simulation Method
10.1.1 Purpose of Development
10.1.2 Principle and Structure
10.1.3 Output Quantitative Results That Can Be Evaluated by Designers and Others
10.2 Creating Cool Spots in a City Full of Heat
10.2.1 What Is a Cool Spot?
10.2.2 How to Create Cool Spots
10.3 Towards Pleasant and Refreshing City Planning
10.4 Case Study: Thermal Environment Design and Visualization of Urban Planning in Tsuchiura
10.4.1 Development History and Current State
10.4.2 Proposed Utilization of Vacant Lots and Prediction and Evaluation of Thermal Environment
10.5 Conclusion
Further Reading
Chapter 11: The Key to Comfortable Space Design
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Construction of Emotional Evaluation System Using Thermography in Laboratory Condition
11.3 Nasal Skin Temperature Measurement and its Simplification in an Environment Similar to Practical Use
11.4 Application of an Emotional Evaluation System Using Thermography in a Living Situation
11.5 Verification of the Relaxation Promoting Effect of Eye Masks
11.6 Can We Also Estimate the Preference of Cheese?
11.7 Do You Change Your Mind with the Clothes You Wear?
11.8 Relax in Comfortable Outdoor Spaces
11.9 Evaluation of Comfort in a Town´s Environment
References
Chapter 12: Measuring Brain Activities in the Real World
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Wearable EEG System for Measuring Brain Activity in Real-World Settings
12.2.1 EEG Measurement with Conventional EEG Systems
12.2.2 Wearable EEG System with Dry Electrode Without Requiring Conductive Gel
12.2.2.1 Active Electrode
12.2.2.2 Flexible Dry Electrode Chip
12.2.2.3 Compact EEG Device
12.2.2.4 Headgear
12.3 Examples of Brain Activity Measurement in a Real-World Setting
12.3.1 Unconscious Language Learning Using EEG Neurofeedback
12.3.2 Visualization of Brain Workload Through EEG
12.4 Conclusion
References
Part IV: Utilization of Communication Service and Town Management
Chapter 13: Image and Sound of the City
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Related Work
13.2.1 Capturing Image: What/How We See in a City
13.2.1.1 Twitter
13.2.1.2 Foursquare
13.2.1.3 Flickr
13.2.2 Capturing Sound: What We Hear in a City
13.3 Soundscape
13.3.1 What Is Soundscape?
13.3.2 Decomposition of Sound
13.3.3 Estimation of Sound Impressions
13.3.4 Demonstration of Soundscape
13.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Mapping the Mood in a City Using Geo-Located Text Data: Case Study of Yaizu Onomatopoeia Map
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Maps and City Mood
14.1.2 Related Work
14.2 Approach
14.2.1 Geo-Located Text Data
14.2.2 Free Descriptions and Onomatopoeias
14.3 Yaizu Onomatopoeia Map
14.3.1 Collecting Data
14.3.2 Mapping Onomatopoeias on Paper Map
14.4 Analysis
14.4.1 Analysis of Tweet Data Based on Categorization
14.4.2 Comparative Study of Maps
14.5 Potential for Future Work
References
Chapter 15: Town Management Organization in Japan
15.1 Roppongi Hills´ Concept of a ``Vertical Garden City´´
15.2 Roppongi After Development
15.3 Roppongi Hills TMO Initiatives
15.4 Creating a City that Does Not Fade
References
Part V: Social City Development Using Social and Physical Information in Cities
Chapter 16: The Future of Real-World Marketing
16.1 Visualization of Customer Flow and Real-Space Marketing
16.1.1 Capturing Behavior
16.1.2 A Device that Inspires Visitors to Come Again
16.2 Biometric Marketing
16.2.1 Efforts at Visualizing Comfort and Promoting Outdoor Use by Visitors
16.2.2 Cooperation Using Wearable Devices
16.3 Town User Interface (UI)
16.3.1 User Interface for Town Service
References
Chapter 17: Blockchain for Decision-Making
17.1 Necessity for Implementation of Blockchains: Realization of a Flat and Open Internet with Web 2.0
17.2 Blockchain Technology and the Internet-Based Real World
17.2.1 Areas that Actively Utilize Blockchains and Their Characteristics
17.2.2 Technical Characteristics of Blockchain Technology
17.3 Demonstration Experiments that Leverage the Characteristics of Blockchain
17.3.1 Demonstration Test for Ethical Consumption in France
17.3.2 Application of Token Economy Protocol to the Education Field
17.4 Summary
References
Chapter 18: Web 3.0 and Blockchain in Real City
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Evolution of the Web
18.2.1 Dawn of the Internet-Web 1.0 and Portal Sites
18.2.2 The Age of the Platform Heyday-Web 2.0 and SNS
18.2.3 Beyond the Web 2.0 World-Two Web 3.0 Worlds
18.2.3.1 First Wave of Web 3.0: A Computational World Led by IoT and Cloud AI
18.2.3.2 Second Wave of Web 3.0: A Blockchain-Based Mutual Credit World
18.2.3.3 Web 3.0 from a Business Entity´s Perspective-Transition to the Era of Individuals Exercising Data Discretion
18.2.3.4 Web 3.0 as an Urgent Need of Society Today-Recent Unjust Events and Social Issues
18.2.3.5 The Essence of Web 3.0 Is the Empowerment of Individuals
18.3 Speed of Blockchain Evolution Surpasses that of the Web
18.3.1 Blockchain 1.0-The Elemental Technology for the Bitcoin Cryptocurrency
18.3.2 Blockchain 2.0-The Emergence of Ethereum and Smart Contracts
18.3.3 Blockchain 3.0-From Centralization to Self-Sovereignty
18.3.4 Web 3.0/Web 2.0 and Blockchain 3.0
18.3.5 Future of Blockchain 3.0
18.4 Summary
References
Chapter 19: Toward the Social City
19.1 Social City and Big Data
19.1.1 Understanding the Real-Time City
19.1.2 Decision Support System to Enhance the Value of the Town: Urban Development Management
19.1.3 The Social City and a New City Formation System
19.2 Information Sharing and Community Formation
19.3 Environmental Information and Behavioral Change in City Space
References