Online publication, 2014. – 710 p.: ill.Johann Josef Loschmidt (1821–1895) — austrian scientist who performed ground-breaking work in chemistry, physics (thermodynamics, optics, electrodynamics), and crystal forms.His 1861 booklet 'Chemische Studien' proposed two-dimensional representations for over 300 molecules in a style remarkably similar to that used by modern chemists. Among these were aromatic molecules such as benzene, and related triazines. Loschmidt symbolized the benzene nucleus by a large circle, which he said was to indicate the yet-undetermined structure of the compound. Some have argued, however, that he intended this as the suggestion of a cyclical structure, four years before that of Kekulé, who is better known and is generally credited with the discovery of benzene's cyclic structure.In 1865 Loschmidt was the first to estimate the size of the molecules that make up the air and hence to determine how many molecules are present in a given volume of gas. This latter quantity is now known as the Loschmidt constant in his honour.Loschmidt's critique of Boltzmann's attempt to derive the second law of thermodynamics from kinetic theory became famous as the 'reversibility paradox'. It led Boltzmann to his statistical concept of entropy.Contents
The scientific publications of J. Loschmidt
Konstitutionformeln der Organischen Chemie in Graphischer Darstellung
Zur Constitution des Aethers
Krystallbestimmungen einiger Oxalsäure-Verbindungen
Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Krystallformen organischer Verbindungen (II)
Zur Grosse der Luftmolecüle
Zur Theorie der Gase
Theorie des Gleichgewichtes und der Bewegung eines Systems von Punkten
Die Weltanschauung der modernen Naturwissenschaft
Ableitung des Potentiales bewegter elektrischer Massen aus dem Potentiale für den Ruhezustand
Die Elektricitätsbewegung im galvanischen Strome
Der zweite Satz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie
Anton Schrötter R. v. Kristelli
Über den Zustand des Warmeglcichgcwichtes eines Systems von Körpern mit Rücksicht auf die Schwerkraft
Schwingungszahlen einer elastischen Hohlkugel
Stereochemische Studien. I
Loschmidt’s Biography, Loschmidt’s World
Alfred Bader. Loschmidt’s graphic formulae of 1861: Forerunners of modern structural formulae
Günter P. Schiemenz. Spheres from Dalton to Loschmidt: Insights into the ways of thinking of a genius
Christian R. Noe. Josef Loschmidt’s last scientific publication: 'Stereochemische Studien I'
Alfred Bader. Richard Anschütz, Archibald Scott Couper, and Josef Loschmidt
Robert Rosner. Organic chemistry in Austria and Loschmidt’s 'Chemische Studien'
Ian D. Rae. Loschmidt and Venn: Symbolic logic in chemistry and mathematics
Raluca-Silvia Moraru and Edwin Scheiber. Loschmidt’s achievements and shortcomings in elucidating the structure of organic molecules
Herbert Spohn. Loschmidt’s reversibility argument and the H-theorem
Viktor Gutmann. Considerations about the 'Constitution of the ether'
Dieter Flamm. Four papers by Loschmidt on the state of thermal equilibrium
Othmar Preining. Loschmidt’s papers 'Experimental-Untersuchungen über die Diffusion von Gasen ohne Poröse scheidewände'
Michael Jenner. The periodic system of the elements and Prout’s hypothesis: Use and interpretation by Josef Loschmidt
Henk Kubbinga. Josef Loschmidt and the reality of molecules
Nikolaus Bachmayer and Thomas Schonfeld. Loschmidt’s article 'On the size of air molecules' and subsequent work on related aspects of atomistics
Hannelore Sexl. Josef Loschmidt — some biographical remarks
Peter M. Schuster. From curiosity to passion: Loschmidt’s route from philosophy to natural science
Dieter Flamm. Scientific discussion and friendship between Loschmidt and Boltzmann
Fritz Weber. Josef Loschmidt’s economic ideas: Protective tariffs and national welfare
Luigi Cerruti. Pioneering ideas for the physical and chemical sciences
Alfred Bader and Leonard Parker. Josef Loschmidt, physicist and chemist
Ludwig Boltzmann. Zur Erinnerung an Josef Loschmidt
John H. Lienhard. Johann Josef Loschmidt
Loschmidt, Johann Joseph. Biography
William J. Wiswesser. Johann Josef Loschmidt (1821–1895): a forgotten genius. Benzene rings and much more in 1861
Alfred Bader. Josef Loschmidt, the father of molecular modelling
Christian R. Noe. Kekulé and Loschmidt
Alan J. Rocke. Waking up to the facts? The cyclical structure of benzene is a landmark achievement in chemistry
Alfred Bader. Josef Loschmidt — the father of molecular modelling
D. Flamm. Josef Loschmidt. Vor hundert Jahren starb der Pionier der Atomistik und der organischen Strukturchemie
W. Gerhard Pohl. Josef Loschmidt 1821–1895. Pionier der Atomistik und der organischen Strukturchemie
Alfred Bader. The Wiswesser-Loschmidt connection
Andreas Trupp. Is Loschmidt's greatest discovery still waiting for its discovery?
John Crepeau. Loschmidt, Stefan, and Stigler’s law of eponymy
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