This report makes available the findings of an international group of experts that provide WHO with the latest scientific and technical advice in the area of product regulation. This second report presents policy recommendations on the topics of: smokeless tobacco products and their health effects, and implications for harm reduction and research needs; "fire safer" cigarettes and approaches to reduced ignition propensity; mandated lowering of toxicants in cigarette smoke, such as tobacco specific nitrosamines and other constituents; and, cigarette machine smoking regimens. The Study Group intends this new set of recommendations to be useful to WHO Member States, and national policymakers and regulators in shaping tobacco control policy.
Author(s): World Health Organization
Edition: 1
Year: 2009
Language: English
Pages: 120
Title......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
Acknowledgements......Page 6
Members......Page 8
Secretariat......Page 9
Preface......Page 10
1.1 Purpose......Page 12
1.2 Background......Page 13
1.3 Types of smokeless tobacco product......Page 14
1.3 Health effects......Page 16
1.5 Reducing harm due to use of smokeless tobacco......Page 18
1.7 Conclusions......Page 21
1.9 Gaps in knowledge and research needs......Page 23
References......Page 26
2.2 Background and history......Page 28
2.3 Regulatory responses......Page 31
2.3.1 Effectiveness of regulatory measures in populations......Page 34
2.3.2 Regulatory considerations......Page 35
2.4.2 Testing methods......Page 38
2.4.4 Exposure to emissions and smoking behaviour......Page 39
Cigarettes with reduced ignition propensity should be mandatory......Page 40
References......Page 41
THE CIGARETTE FIRE SAFETY STANDARD AND FIREFIGHTER PROTECTION ACT......Page 44
3.1 Executive summary and recommendations......Page 56
3.2 Introduction......Page 59
3.3 Background......Page 63
3.4 First report on mandated lowering of tobacco-specific nitrosamines......Page 64
3.5 Use of mandated lowering of toxicant levels in a product regulatory strategy......Page 68
3.5.1 Selection of machine testing method......Page 72
3.5.4 Criteria for selecting toxicants for mandatory lowering regulation......Page 77
3.6 Recommended toxicants for reporting and regulation......Page 89
3.6.1 Toxicity of the selected constituents......Page 91
3.6.2 Methods for measuring the toxicants......Page 98
3.6.3 Existing techniques to reduce specific toxicant emissions in cigarette smoke......Page 104
3.6.4 Considerations in applying mandatory lowering to multiple toxicants......Page 115
3.7 Recommended toxicants and recommended mandated limits......Page 122
3.8 Implementing mandatory reductions in toxicant yields......Page 124
3.8.1 Considerations for modified cigarettes and potential reduced exposure products......Page 125
3.8.2 Communication of regulatory values and testing results to the public......Page 126
3.9 Issues for regulators mandating lower levels of toxicants......Page 128
3.10.1 Toxicants in tobacco smoke......Page 130
3.10.2 Smokeless tobacco products......Page 132
References......Page 136
Annex 3.1 Levels of toxicants per milligram of nicotine for international Philip Morris brands, Canadian brands and Australian brands......Page 148
Acetaldehyde......Page 210
Acrylonitrile......Page 211
1-Aminonaphthalene......Page 212
Benzene......Page 213
Benzo[a]pyrene......Page 214
1,3-Butadiene......Page 215
Cadmium......Page 216
Catechol......Page 217
Hydroquinone......Page 218
Isoprene......Page 219
NNK......Page 220
NNN......Page 221
References......Page 222
Annex 3.3 Calculation of toxicant animal carcinogenicity index and toxicant non-cancer response index for international Philip Morris brands, Canadian brands and Australian brands......Page 224
References......Page 238
Annex 3.4 Correlation of toxicant yields from international brands, Canadian brands and Canadian brands with less than 100 ng/mg nicotine in the modified intense smoking regimen with machine measurement......Page 240
Annex 3.5 Variation in yield of selected toxicants by brand......Page 271
4. Recommendation on cigarette machine smoking regimens......Page 280
Significance for public health policies......Page 284
Main recommendations......Page 285
Main recommendations......Page 286
Implications for WHO programmes......Page 287
Implications for WHO programmes......Page 288
