Concern for the environment and for the impacts of environmental pollution has brought about the need to shift from the reliance on hydrocarbons to energy sources that are nearly pollution neutral and renewable. The Science of Wind Power is designed to provide a fundamental understanding for wind technicians and students alike, essentially examining how to harness the wind to produce energy for transmission and use, while keeping environmental impacts in mind. Wind power is one of the fastest-growing energy sources, as it offers many advantages such as being sustainable and a renewable energy source that has a much smaller impact on the global environment compared to fossil fuels. It is important to point out, however, that like wind itself, wind power has a good and bad side, advantages, and disadvantages (challenges), and these different aspects are discussed in detail herein.
Features:
- Examines the mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, and electronic aspects of wind turbines
- Provides the fundamentals of wind turbine aerodynamics, modeling, and testing
- Includes design standards for wind turbines and electrical distribution systems
- Delineates the differences between offshore and land-based wind power
- Discusses special-purpose applications, such as energy distribution and storage
A must-have volume that includes the latest data, diagrams, and useful illustrations, The Science of Wind Energy offers a complete examination of one of the most promising sources of renewable energy and serves as a great introduction to the cross-disciplinary field for students and practicing engineers. The concepts and guidelines presented will equip readers with the scientific rationale required to make decisions that could directly affect the environment around them.
Author(s): Frank R. Spellman
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 417
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Author
Part I Physical Aspects of Wind Turbines (aka The Horse)
Chapter 1 Introduction
By Any Other Name
Wind Power
Wind Power Terminology and Development
Terms and Definitions
Wind Types
Summary
References
Chapter 2 From Windmill to Wind Turbine
Windmill to Wind Turbine
The 411 on Windmills
In the Beginning
At the Present Time
Summary
Chapter 3 The Winds of Change
Winds of Change Have Begun to Blow
The Horse of Wind Power
Wind Turbine Construction Materials
Wind Farm
Saddling the Horse
Wind Turbine Foundations (Onshore)
Wind Turbine Towers
Wind Dynamics
Wind Turbine Blades
Inside the Horse
Land-Based Gearbox Turbine
Nacelle
Yaw System
Pitch System
Turbine Hub
Turbine Gearbox
Turbine Rotor
Low-Speed Shaft
Main Shaft Bearing
High-Speed Shaft
Wind Turbine Generators
DC Generators
AC Synchronous Generators (aka Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (PMSGs) or Electrically Excited Synchronous Generators (EESGs))
AC Asynchronous Generators
Switched Reluctance Wind Turbine Generator
Wind Turbine Controller
Wind Turbine Brake
Wind Turbine Life Span
The Bottom Line
References
Chapter 4 Wind Turbines, Cybersecurity, and SCADA
Paralyzing the Horse
Cyberspace
Hacking a Wind Farm
Monitoring and Controlling the Horse
SCADA Applications
SCADA Vulnerabilities
US Electric Grid Gets Hacked Into
The Increasing Risk
Adoption of Technologies with Known Vulnerabilities
Cyber Threats to Control Systems
Securing Control Systems
Steps to Improve SCADA Security
21 Steps to Increase SCADA Security (DOE, 2001)
The Bottom Line
References
Part II The Nuts and Bolts of Wind Power
Chapter 5 Wind Energy
Introduction
Air in Motion
Wind Energy
Wind Power Basics
Wind Energy/Power Calculations
Air Density Correction Factors
Elevation and the earth’s Roughness
Wind Turbine Rotor Efficiency
Derivation of Betz’s Law
Tip-Speed Ratio
Small-Scale Wind Power
Conditions for Stand-Alone Systems
Conditions for Grid-Connected Systems
The Bottom Line on Wind Power
References
Chapter 6 Blueprint Reading
Groping in the Dark
Illustrating the System
Blueprints: The Universal Language
Blueprint Standards
Standards-Setting Organizations
ANSI Standards for Blueprint Sheets
Finding Information
Detail Drawings
Assembly Drawings
Title Block
Drawing Notes
General Notes
Local Notes
Math Review
Units of Measurement
Fractions and Decimal Fractions
Alphabet of Lines
Just a Bunch of Drawn Lines?
Visible Lines
Hidden Lines
Section Lines
Centerlines
Dimension and Extension Lines
Leaders
Cutting Plane or Viewing Plane Lines
Break Lines
Phantom Lines
Line Gage
Views
Orthographic Projections
One-View Drawings
Two-View Drawings
Three-View Drawings
Auxiliary Views
Dimensions and Shop Notes
Dimensioning
Decimal and Size Dimensions
Definition of Dimensioning Terms
1. Nominal Size
2. Basic Size
3. Allowance
4. Design Size
5. Limits
6. Tolerance
7. Datums
Types of Dimensions
Linear Dimensions
Angular Dimensions
Reference Dimensions
Tabular Dimensions
Arrowless Dimensions
Shop Notes
Machine Drawings
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Drawings
Standard Hydraulic System
Standard Pneumatic System
Hydraulic/Pneumatic Systems: Similarities and Differences
Type of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Drawings
Graphic Symbols for Fluid Power Systems
Symbols for Methods of Operation (Controls)
Symbols for Rotary Devices
Symbols for Lines
Symbols for Valves
Symbols for Miscellaneous Units
Supplementary Information Accompanying Graphic Drawings
Sequence of Operations
Solenoid Chart
Bill of Materials
Electrical Drawings
Troubleshooting and Electrical Drawings
Electrical Symbols
Electrical Drawings
Types of Architectural Drawings
Circuit Drawings
Ladder Drawing
Schematics and Symbols
How to Use Schematic Diagrams
Schematic Circuit Layout
Schematic Symbols
Lines on a Schematic
Lines Connect Symbols
Schematic Diagram: An Example (ANSI, 1982)
A Schematic by Any Other Name Is a Line Diagram
Schematics and Troubleshooting
Electrical Schematics
Electrical Symbols
Schematic Lines
Power Supplies: Electrical Systems
Electrical Loads
Switches
Inductors (Coils)
Transformers
Fuses
Circuit Breakers
Electrical Contacts
Resistors
Reading Turbine Power Schematics
General Piping Systems and System Schematics
Piping Systems
Piping Symbols: General
Piping Joints
Screwed Joints
Welded Joints
Flanged Joints
Bell-and-Spigot Joints
Soldered Joints
Symbols for Joints and Fittings
Valves
Valves: Definition and Function (Valves, 1998)
Valve Construction
Types of Valves
Ball Valve
Cock Valves
Gate Valves
Globe Valves
Check Valves
Hydraulic Solenoid Valves
The Bottom Line
References
Chapter 7 Basic Hydraulics and Accessories: Earth’s Blood (An Analogy)
The 411 on Wind Turbine Hydraulics
Piping by Another Name Might Be Hoses
Hose Nomenclature
Factors Governing Hose Selection
Standards, Codes, and Sizes
Standards and Codes
Hose Size
Hose Classifications
Metallic Hose
Nonmetallic Hose
Types of Nonmetallic Hose
Hose Couplings
Hose Maintenance
Pipe and Tube Fittings
Fittings
Functions of Fittings
Changing the Direction of Flow
Providing Branch Connections
Changing the Sizes of Lines
Sealing Lines
Connecting Lines
Types of Connections
Screwed Fittings
Flanged Connections
Welded Connections
Tubing Fittings and Connections
Miscellaneous Fittings
The Bottom Line
References
Chapter 8 Electrical Aspects
Introduction
Electrical Factors Important to Wind Energy
Electrical Power Concepts
Electricity: What Is It?
Nature of Electricity
The Structure of Matter
Conductors, Semiconductors, and Insulators
Static Electricity
Charged Bodies
Coulomb’s Law
Electrostatic Fields
Magnetism
Magnetic Materials
Magnetic Earth
Difference in Potential
The Water Analogy
Principal Methods of Producing a Voltage
Current
Resistance
Battery-Supplied Electricity
The Voltaic Cell
Primary and Secondary Cells
Battery
Battery Operation
Combining Cells
Types of Batteries
Battery Characteristics
Simple Electrical Circuit
Schematic Representation
Ohm’s Law
Electrical Power
Electrical Power Calculations
Electrical Energy
Series D-C Circuit Characteristics
Series Circuit Resistance
Series Circuit Current
Series Circuit Voltage
Series Circuit Power
Summary of the Rules for Series D-C Circuits
General Series Circuit Analysis
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
Polarity of Voltage Drops
Series Aiding and Opposing Sources
Kirchhoff’s Law and Multiple Source Solutions
Ground
Open and Short Circuits
Parallel D-C Circuits
Parallel Circuit Characteristics
Voltage in Parallel Circuits
Current in Parallel Circuits
Parallel Circuits and Kirchhoff’s Current Law
Parallel Circuit Resistance
Reciprocal Method
Product over the Sum Method
Reduction to an Equivalent Circuit
Power in Parallel Circuits
Rules for Solving Parallel D-C Circuits
Series-Parallel Circuits
Solving a Series-Parallel Circuit
Conductors
Unit Size of Conductors
Square Mil
Circular Mil
Circular-Mil-Foot
Resistivity
Wire Measurement
Factors Governing the Selection of Wire Size
Copper vs. Other Metal Conductors
Temperature Coefficient
Conductor Insulation
Conductors Splices and Terminal Connections
Soldering Operations
Solderless Connections
Insulation Tape
Electromagnetism
Magnetic Field around a Single Conductor
Polarity of a Single Conductor
Field around Two Parallel Conductors
Magnetic Field of a Coil
Polarity of an Electromagnetic Coil
Strength of an Electromagnetic Field
Magnetic Units
Properties of Magnetic Materials
Permeability
Hysteresis
Electromagnets
Permanent Magnets for Wind Turbines
A-C Theory
Basic A-C Generator
Cycle
Frequency, Period, and Wavelength
Characteristic Values of A-C Voltage and Current
Peak Amplitude
Peak-to-Peak Amplitude
Instantaneous Amplitude
Effective or RMS Value
Average Value
Resistance in A-C Circuits
Phase Relationships
Inductance
Self-Inductance
Mutual Inductance
Calculation of Total Inductance
Capacitance
Reactance
Power Factor
Reactive Power
Practical Electrical Applications
Electrical Power Generation
D-C Generators
A-C Generators
Motors
D-C Motors
A-C Motors
Induction Motors
Synchronous Motors
Single-Phase Motors
Transformers
Power Distribution System Protection
1. Fuses
2. Circuit Breakers
3. Control Devices
Energy Storage
The Bottom Line
References
Chapter 9 Where Eagles Don’t Dare
Good, Bad, and Worse
Environmental Impact of Wind Turbines
Wind Energy Site Evaluation Impacts
Air Quality (Including Global Climate Change and Carbon Footprint)
Cultural Resources
Ecological Resources
Water Resources (Surface Water and Groundwater)
Land Use
Soils and Geologic Resources (Including Seismicity/Geo Hazards)
Paleontological Resources
Transportation
Visual Resources
Socioeconomics
Environmental Justice
Hazardous Materials and Waste Management
Acoustics (Noise)
Wind Energy Construction Impacts
Air Quality (Including Global Climate Change and Carbon Footprint)
Cultural Resources
Ecological Resources
Water Resources (Surface Water and Groundwater)
Land Use
Soils and Geologic Resources (Including Seismicity/Geo Hazards)
Paleontological Resources
Transportation
Visual Resources
Socioeconomics
Environmental Justice
Hazardous Materials and Waste Management
Wind Energy Operation Impact
Air Quality (Including Global Climate Change and Carbon Footprint)
Cultural Resources
Ecological Resources
Water Resources (Surface Water and Groundwater)
Land Use
Soils and Geologic Resources (Including Seismicity/Geo Hazards)
Paleontological Resources
Transportation
Visual Resources
Socioeconomics
Environmental Justice
Hazardous Materials and Waste Management
Impacts on Wildlife
Motion Smear
The Theory of Motion Smear
The Law of the Visual Angle
Impact on Human Health
Wind Turbine Noise Impact Based on Observation and Recent Scientific Research
Environmental Impacts of Power Transmission Lines
Energy Transmission Site Evaluation Impacts
Air Quality
Cultural Resources
Ecological Resources
Water Resources
Land Use
Soils and Geologic Resources
Paleontological Resources
Transportation
Visual Resources
Socioeconomics
Environmental Justice
Energy Transmission Construction Impacts
Air Quality
Cultural Resources
Ecological Resources
Water Resources
Land Use
Soils and Geologic Resources
Paleontological Resources
Transportation
Visual Resources
Socioeconomics
Environmental Justice
Energy Transmission Operations Impacts.
Air Quality
Cultural Resources
Ecological Resources
Water Resources
Land Use
Soils and Geologic Resources
Paleontological Resources
Transportation
Visual Resources
Socioeconomics
Environmental Justice
References
Chapter 10 Wind Turbine Safety
Introduction
Wind Energy Fatalities/Incidents
Wind Turbine Hazards and Applicable OSHA Standards and Controls
Falls
Confined Space Entry
Fires
Lockout/Tagout
Medical and First Aid
Crane, Derrick, Rigging, and Hoist Safety
Electrical Safety
Machine Guarding
Respiratory Protection
The Bottom Line on Wind Power
Reference
Index
