The general public’s aversion to drinking treated wastewater is evident, rooted in the reluctance to accept a direct pipe-to-pipe connection, for example, from a toilet to a drinking water tap. Despite advancements in treating black water from sewage sources to meet drinking water standards, there persists a general hesitancy to fully accept this possibility or understand the science behind it. The Science of Water Reuse explains how technology can sufficiently purify reclaimed water to potable water quality—even surpassing the cleanliness of the water available from conventional taps. It addresses the significant gap in the existing literature on water reuse, focusing particularly on the varied applications of reused or reclaimed water within municipal and agricultural contexts, with a specific emphasis on issues and technologies related to both direct and indirect potable water reuse. It serves as a valuable resource for policymakers, municipal planners, environmental engineering professionals, as well as undergraduate and graduate students.
Bridges the gap between technical details and public comprehension, making the complex subject of water reuse accessible and relevant.
Provides a comprehensive understanding of water reuse, including case studies for practical application.
Contributes to changing public attitudes, making reclaimed water an acceptable source for potable use.
Author(s): Frank R. Spellman
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2024
Language: English
Pages: 329
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Prologue: The Yuck Factor
About the Author
Units and Conversions
Water Reuse Term Box
Part 1 The Basics
Chapter 1 Used Water Yuck Factor Overstated
Setting the Record Straight
Public Perception
The Reality
Nature’s Way
The Artificial Way
The Bottom Line
References
Chapter 2 Setting the Stage
Introduction
Fit-for-Purpose Specifications
Terminology
The Bottom Line
References
Chapter 3 Water Reuse: Social Benefits
Introduction
Social Benefits
Case Study 3.1: Water Reuse: Collier County, Florida
The Living Machine®
Anaerobic Treatment Process
Aerobic Reactor and Aeration Tanks
Clarification
Constructed Wetlands
Disinfection
Reuse for Toilet Flushing
The Bottom Line
References
Chapter 4 Water Reuse: Economic Resilience
Introduction
Case Study 4.1: Native American Tribe Uses Water Reuse
A Three-Step Process
The Bottom Line
Reference
Chapter 5 Water Reuse: Ecological Restoration
Introduction
Habitat Loss: The Correction
Case Study 5.1: Brooklyn Reduces Potable Water Demand & Improves Sewer Capacity
The Domino District
The Bottom Line
Reference
Chapter 6 Water Reuse: Reliable Water Supply
Introduction
Case Study 6.1: Fairfax County, Virginia
Need for Users and Communication
The Bottom Line
Reference
Chapter 7 Water Reuse: Infrastructure Reliance
Introduction
Case Study 7.1: On-Site Water Reuse Solution
The Basics of Cryptosporidium
The Bottom Line
References
Chapter 8 Water Reuse: Improved Water Quality
Introduction
The 411 on Polluted Drinking Water
Sources of Contaminants
Case Study 8.1: Microsoft and the City of Quincy, Washington
The Bottom Line
Notes
References
Chapter 9 Water Reuse: Critical Water Access
Introduction
Case Study 9.1: Los Angeles County, California
Sludge Additions
Supernatant Withdrawal
Sludge Withdrawal
pH Control
Temperature Control
Mixing
Safety
Process Control Monitoring/Testing/Troubleshooting
Rainwater and Stormwater Practice
Toward a Circular Economy
The Bottom Line
Note
References
Part 2 Toilet to Tap and Nonpotable Reuse: Waste Not, Want Not: Water Reuse
Chapter 10 Direct Potable Reuse
Introduction
Recycled Water for Drinking
Case Study 10.1: City of Altamonte Springs, Florida
Case Study 10.2: Orange County’s Groundwater Replenishment Model
Case Study 10.3: Santa Clara Valley, California
Case Study 10.4: San Diego, CA: Recycled Water for Drinking
Sidebar 10.1: Just Like a Beaver (Castor spp.)
Case Study 10.5: El Paso, Texas Recycled Water for Drinking
Case Study 10.6: Wichita Falls, Texas: A Temporary Solution
The Bottom Line
References
Chapter 11 Indirect Water Reuse
The Scheme
Case Study 11.1: Pure Water Monterey
Technical Aspects
Advanced Water Purification Process Steps
Case Study 11.2: Roseville Municipal Utility
Case Study 11.3: Emory University: A Model for Water Reuse
Case Study 11.4: Indiantown, Florida: Water Reuse
Case Study 11.5: City of Orlando/Orange County, Florida Water Conserv II
SCADA Vulnerabilities
Case Study 11.6: Los Angeles County Stormwater Services Program
Note
References
Part 3 The Real Deal: Purple to Blue PVC Pipe
Chapter 12 When Purple Becomes Blue
Setting the Stage
The Bottom Line
Chapter 13 A Convulsive Event
Introduction
A Visit from Outer Space
Timeline 33,000,000 B.C.E
Let’s Get Back to 33,000,000 B.C.E
A Bolt from the Blue
Meteorite Terms
The Horrible Gash
Effects of the Chesapeake Bay Bolide Impact
Location of Chesapeake Bay
River Diversion
Ground Instability Due to Faulting
Disruption of Coastal Aquifers
Land Subsidence
The Bottom Line
Note
References
Chapter 14 Groundwater Hydraulics: Q = kiA
Ocean Below Our Feet
Unconfined Aquifers
Saturated Zone
Capillary Fringe
Unsaturated Zone
Capillarity
Hydrologic Properties of Water-Bearing Materials
Porosity
Void Ratio
Permeability
Hydraulic Conductivity
Transmissivity (T)
Storage (S)—Water Yielding and Retaining Capacity
Confined Aquifers
Steady Flow of Groundwater
Darcy’s Law
Velocity
Groundwater Flow and Effects of Pumping
The 411 on Wells
Well Hydraulics
Depleting the Groundwater Bank Account
The Bottom Line
References
Chapter 15 Vanishing Land
Conversion Factors and Datum
Land Subsidence
Groundwater Withdrawal
Effective Stress
Preconsolidation Stress
Aquitards Role in Compaction
The Vanishing of Hampton Roads
Hampton Roads: Sea Level Rise
Global Climate Change and Warming
Factors Involved with Global Warming/Cooling
Global Warming and Sea Level Rise
Major Physical Effects of Sea Level Rise
Major Direct Human Effects of Sea Level Rise
Side Bar 15.1: The 411 on Global Climate Change
The Past
Obvious Questions
Land Subsidence in Hampton Roads
Land Subsidence Contributes to Relative Sea-Level Rise
Aquifer Compaction
Glacial Isostatic Adjustment
The Bottom Line
Notes
References
Chapter 16 Gauging and Observing Land Subsidence
In a Nutshell
Outside the Shell—Gauging Subsidence
Borehole Extensometers
Tidal Stations
Geodetic Survey
InSAR
Importance of Land Subsidence Monitoring
Monitoring Methods
Borehole Extensometers–Ongoing Monitoring (2016)
Geodetic Surveying—Ongoing Monitoring 2016
Tidal Stations—Ongoing Monitoring 2016
Remote Sensing—Ongoing Monitoring 2016
The Bottom Line
The Real Bottom Line
Note
References
Chapter 17 HRSD and the Potomac Aquifer
Hampton Roads Sanitation District
Case Study 17.1: Cedar Creek Composting
The Solution to Pollution in Chesapeake Bay
The Problem
Objectives
Proposed SWIFT Additions
Potomac Aquifer
In a Nutshell
The Potomac Formation
Injection Wells
Subsidence Control Wells
Injection Well Hydraulics
Injection Operations
Injection Well Capacity Estimation
Estimating Specific Capacity and Injectivity
Available Head for Injection
Number of Injection Wells Required at each WWTP
Aquifer Injection Modeling
Mathematical Modeling
Groundwater Flow Modeling
Army Base Treatment Plant (Norfolk)
Boat Harbor Treatment Plant (Newport News)
James River Treatment Plant (Newport News)
Nansemond Treatment Plant (Suffolk)
Virginia Initiative Plant (Norfolk)
Williamsburg Treatment Plant (Williamsburg)
York River Treatment Plant (Yorktown)
Sensitivity of Aquifer Parameters
Transmissivity
Storage Coefficient
Injection Rates
Simulation Duration
Static Water Levels
Well Interference
Hampton Roads Region Groundwater Flow
Model Injection Rates
Modeling Duration
The Bottom Line
Notes
References
Chapter 18 Mixing Native Groundwater and Injectate
Introduction
HRSD’s Water Management Challenges and Vision
Geochemical Challenges
Reduction in Injectivity
Geochemical Concerns
Water Quality and Aquifer Mineralogy
Injectate Water Chemistry
Native Groundwater
Lithology of the Potomac Aquifer
Lithology
City of Chesapeake Aquifer Storage and Recovery Facility
Mineralogy—Geochemical Modeling
Stability of Clay Minerals
Simulated Injectate—Water Interactions
Mixing
Mixing in the Injection Wellbore
Injectate and Aquifer Mineral Reactions
Siderite Dissolution
Pyrite Oxidation
Mitigating Pyrite Oxidation
The Bottom Line
Note
References
Chapter 19 Advanced Water Purification
Introduction
In Accordance with Established Procedures
Those Playing by the Book in Indirect Potable Reuse
Additional Drinking Water Considerations
Advanced Water Treatment Processes
Treatment Plant Effluent Water Quality
Data Sources for Evaluation
Data Evaluation
Advanced Treatment Product Water Quality
Inorganic Water Quality
Organic Water Quality
RO Concentrate Disposal
Estimating Rate of Evaporation—Ponds
Pathogen Removal
Disinfection By-Products
Anticipated Improvements to HRSD’s WWTPs
Notes
References
Chapter 20 SWIFT: The Process
Sustainable Water Initiative For Tomorrow
SWIFT Unit Process Description
The Ultimate Bottom Line
Index
