The Science of Waste

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Author
Chapter 1 Waste by Any Other Name?
Frontier Mentality
Waste by Other Names
Type and Waste Characterization
Forever Relics
The Bottom Line
References
Chapter 2 Cave to Allegorical Cave to Present
The Cave
The Allegorical Cave
The Setting: The Cave
The Fire
Images from the Fire
What the Prisoners See and Hear
A Prisoner Gets Free
Walks Back to the Fire
Is Questioned about the Objects
The Answer He Gives
Looking at the Fire-light Itself
Out of the Cave into Daylight with Pain, Rage, Blindness
Getting Used to the Light
Shadows and Reflections
Looking at Things Directly
Looking at the Sun Itself
Thoughts about the Sun: Its Nature and Functions
Thoughts about the Cave
What Counts for “Understanding” in the Cave
What Would the Liberated Prisoner Now Prefer?
The Return: Blindness
The Debate with the Other Prisoners
And the Final Outcome
Fast Forward from the Past to the Present
Salmon and the Rachel River
Reference
Chapter 3 Waste?: It’s in the Garbage Can
Setting the Record Straight
Sustainable Materials Management
Source Reduction and Reuse
Recycling and Composting
Energy Recovery
Treatment and Disposal
Is EPA’s SSM the Solution to Waste Dissolution?
References
Chapter 4 Litter
Break out the Hose
A Midnight Caper
Salt on the Wound
References
Chapter 5 Ocean Dumping
Ocean Dumping Is Nothing New
Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act
What’s Being Ocean Dumped Today?
What Cannot Be Dumped in the Ocean?
Ocean Dumping Ban Act
Is the 1972 MPRSA Effective?
And the Sea Will Float
A Sea of Plastic
Types of Plastic
Microplastics
Plastic Containers and Packaging
Plastics and Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic Substances
Other Assorted Containers and Packaging
Glass Containers and Packaging
Steel Containers and Packaging
Paper and Paperboard Containers and Packaging
Wood Containers and Packaging
Miscellaneous Packaging
The Bottom Line on Ocean Dumping
References
Chapter 6 E-Waste
It’s a Fashion Statement
The 411 on Electronic Waste
Life Cycle of Electronics
Raw Materials
Minerals in Mobile E-Devices
E-Waste Capital of the World
Recycling Site Neighbors
References
Chapter 7 Food Waste
The One-Third (1/3) Factor
Food Not Eaten
ERS Research Findings
Fresh Vegetable Losses
Fresh Fruit Loss
The Psychology of Food Waste
Vegetable Losses after Harvesting
Causes of After-Harvest Losses
Fungal Diseases
Bacterial Diseases
Viral Disease
Insect Pests
Nematodes (Worms)
Physiologic and Genetic Disorders
Mineral and Environmental Stresses
References
Chapter 8 Solid Waste, Landfills, and Leachate
Solid Waste
Out of Sight, Out of Mind
Solid Waste Regulatory History in the United States
Solid Waste Characteristics
Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes
Residential Sources of MSW
Commercial Sources of MSW
Institutional Sources of MSW
Construction and Demolition Sources of MSW
Municipal Services Sources of MSW
Treatment Plant Site Sources of MSW
Landfilling
Leachate
Landfill Gas
Conditions Affecting Landfill Gas Production
Migration of Landfill Gas
Putting Landfill Gas to Work
Gas Collection Systems
LFG Treatment Systems
Generating Electricity
Pipe-to-Pipe Use of Medium-Btu Gas
LFG to High-Btu Gas
Four Methods of Carbon Dioxide Removal from LFG
Compressed Natural Gas
Liquefied Natural Gas
The Bottom Line
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 9 Dry Tombs to Wet Dumps
Bioreactor Landfills
Types of Bioreactor Landfills
Advantages of Bioreactor Landfills
Operational Bioreactor Overview
Crow Wing County Landfill
Williamson County Landfill
Burlington County Bioreactor
New River Regional Bioreactor
Salem County Bioreactor
Summary of Findings
The Bottom Line
References
Chapter 10 Incineration
Waste Incineration
Sludge Incineration Process Description
Incineration Processes
Operational Observations, Problems, and Troubleshooting
Beneficial Reuse of Incinerated MSW
Waste to Energy
Beneficial Reuse of MSW Ash
The Bottom Line
Reference
Chapter 11 Animal Waste
Food Recovery Hierarchy
Cattle Waste
Size and Location of Industry
Beef Cattle Sector Profile
Beef Production Operations
Cow-Calf Operations
Background Operations
Finishing or Feedlot Operations
Beef Confinement Practices
Feeding Practices
Manure Management Practices
Manure Collection
Manure Storage, Stabilization, Disposal, and Separation
Beef Virtual Farms
Confinement
Solids Separation
Storage and Stabilization
Land Application
When Animal Waste Is Not Wasted
Fertilizer
Crop Quality
Soil pH
Soil Organic Matter
Physical Soil Properties
Pesticide Dependence
Reducing Runoff and Soil Loss
Sequestering Carbon
The Bottom Line
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 12 Human Waste: The Waste Cloud
Night Soil
Wet-side of Human Waste
Mixing Native Groundwater and Injectate
HRSD’S Water Management Vision
Processing the Wet-side of Human Waste
HRSD and the Potomac Aquifer
Problem
Potomac Aquifer
The Potomac Formation
Injection Wells
Subsidence Control Wells
Injection Well Hydraulics
Injection Operations
Injection Well Capacity Estimation
Estimating Specific Capacity and Injectivity
Available Head for Injection
Flexibility for Adjusting Injection Well Capacities
Number of Injection Wells Required at Each Wastewater Treatment Plant
Aquifer Injection Modeling
Mathematical Modeling
Groundwater Flow Modeling
Modeling Results
Army Base Treatment Plant
Boat Harbor Treatment Plant
James River Treatment Plant
Nansemond Treatment Plant
Virginia Initiative Plant
Williamsburg Treatment Plant
York River Treatment Plant
Sensitivity of Aquifer Parameters
Transmissivity
Storage Coefficient
Injection Rates
Simulation Duration
Static Water Levels
Well Interference
Hampton Roads Region Groundwater Flow
Model Injection Rates
Modeling Duration
Advanced Water Purification
By the Book, Please!
Those Playing by the Book in Indirect Potable Reuse
Additional Drinking Water Considerations
Advanced Water Treatment Processes
Treatment Plant Effluent Water Quality
Data Sources for Evaluation
Data Evaluation
Advanced Treatment Product Water Quality
Inorganic Water Quality
Organic Water Quality
Bulk Organics
Trace Organics
RO Concentrate Disposal
Estimating Rate of Evaporation Pond Evaporation Rate
Papadakis Equation
Site Selection
Preapplication Treatment
Hydraulic Loading Rates
Land Requirements
Distribution Techniques
Surface Runoff Control
Zero Liquid Discharge Disposal
Pathogen Removal
Disinfection Byproducts
Anticipated Improvements to HRSD’s Existing WWTPS
Geochemical Challenges Facing SWIFT Project
Reduction in Injectivity
Physical Plugging
Mineral Precipitation
Geochemical Concerns
Damaging Clay Minerals
Mineral Precipitation
Mineral Dissolution
Water Quality and Aquifer Mineralogy
Injectate Water Chemistry
Reverse Osmosis
Nanofiltration
Biologically Activated Carbon
Native Groundwater
Upper Potomac Aquifer Zone
Middle Potomac Aquifer Zone
Lower Potomac Aquifer Zone
Geochemical Assessment of Injectate and Groundwater Chemistry
Cation Exchange
Iron and Manganese
Lithology of the Potomac Aquifer System
Lithology
City of Chesapeake Aquifer Storage and Recovery Facility Core Samples
Mineralogy—Geochemical Modeling
Stability of Clay Minerals
Simulated Injectate–Water Interactions
Mixing
Mixing Injectate and Native Groundwater
Mixing in the Injection Wellbore
Injectate and Aquifer Mineral Reactions
Siderite Dissolution
Pyrite Oxidation
Arsenic
Mitigating Pyrite Oxidation
Sustainable Water Initiative For Tomorrow (SWIFT)
SWIFT Unit Process Description
The Ultimate Bottom Line
Solid-Side of Human Waste
Sludge/Biosolids: Background Information
Sources of Sludge
Sludge Characteristics
Sludge Pathogens and Vector Attraction
Direct Contact
Indirect Contact
The Bottom Line
The Bottom Line on Human Waste Solids
The Bottom Line
References and Recommended Reading
Glossary
Index