The Satellite Communication Applications Handbook

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 16
PART I System Considerations......Page 20
CHAPTER 1 Evolution of Satellite Technology and Applications......Page 22
1.1 Satellite Network Fundamentals......Page 26
1.2.1 Broadcast and Multicast of Digital Content......Page 33
1.2.2 Voice and Telephony Networks......Page 39
1.2.3 Data Communications and the Internet......Page 42
1.2.4 Mobile and Personal Communications......Page 44
References......Page 45
2.1 Design of the Satellite Link......Page 46
2.1.1 Meaning and Use of the Decibel......Page 48
2.1.2 Link Budgets and Their Interpretation......Page 50
2.2 Link Budget Example......Page 55
2.2.1 Downlink Budget......Page 56
2.2.2 Uplink Budget......Page 61
2.2.3 Overall Link......Page 65
2.2.4 Additional Sources of Noise and Interference......Page 67
2.3 Multiple Access Systems......Page 68
2.3.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access......Page 69
2.3.2 Time Division Multiple Access and ALOHA......Page 70
2.3.3 Code Division Multiple Access......Page 72
2.4 Frequency Band Trade-Offs......Page 75
2.4.1 Ultra High Frequency......Page 78
2.4.2 L-Band......Page 79
2.4.4 C-Band......Page 80
2.4.6 Ku-Band......Page 81
2.4.7 Ka-Band......Page 82
2.4.9 Laser Communications......Page 83
References......Page 84
CHAPTER 3 Issues in Space Segment and Satellite Implementation......Page 86
3.1 Satellite Selection and System Implementation......Page 87
3.2 Communications Payload Configurations......Page 90
3.2.1 Single-Frequency-Band Payload......Page 91
3.2.3 Shaped Versus Spot Beam Antennas......Page 93
3.2.4 Analog (Bent-Pipe) Repeater Design......Page 97
3.2.5 Digital Onboard Processing Repeater......Page 100
3.2.6 Repeater Power and Bandwidth......Page 109
3.2.7 Additional Payload Issues......Page 112
3.3 Spacecraft Bus Considerations......Page 113
3.3.1 Three-Axis Bus Stability and Control......Page 114
3.3.2 Spacecraft Power Constraints......Page 115
3.4 Contingency Planning......Page 119
3.4.1 Risks in Satellite Operation......Page 120
3.4.2 Available Insurance Coverage......Page 124
3.4.3 Space Development-Estimating Lead Time......Page 127
3.4.4 Satellite Backup and Replacement Strategy......Page 128
References......Page 130
PART II Broadcast and Multicast Links to Multiple Users......Page 132
CHAPTER 4 Television Applications and Standards......Page 134
4.1 Entertainment Programming......Page 135
4.1.1 Network Broadcast......Page 141
4.1.2 Cable TV......Page 142
4.2 Educational TV and Distance Learning......Page 153
4.2.1 University Distance Education......Page 154
4.2.2 Corporate Education and Interactive Learning Networks......Page 155
4.2.3 Guidelines for Effective Distance Learning......Page 158
4.3 Business TV......Page 159
4.3.1 Private Broadcasting......Page 160
4.3.2 Video Teleconferencing......Page 162
4.4 Analog TV Standards......Page 167
4.4.2 Analog Transmission Standards......Page 168
References......Page 177
CHAPTER 5 Digital Video Compression Systems and Standards......Page 178
5.1 Compression Technology......Page 181
5.1.1 Digital Processing......Page 182
5.1.2 Spatial Compression (Transform Coding)......Page 184
5.1.3 Temporal Compression (Frame-to-Frame Compression)......Page 186
5.1.4 Motion Compensation......Page 187
5.1.5 Hybrid Coding Techniques......Page 188
5.2.1 ITU 601 Uncompressed Digital Television......Page 189
5.2.2 The ITU H. Series Standards......Page 190
5.3 Motion Picture Expert Group......Page 191
5.3.1 MPEG 1......Page 192
5.3.2 MPEG 2......Page 195
5.3.3 MPEG Audio......Page 197
5.3.4 Assessing MPEG 2 Video Quality......Page 199
5.3.5 MPEG 4......Page 202
5.4 Digital Video Broadcasting Standard......Page 205
5.4.1 DVB Requirements and Organization......Page 206
5.4.3 The Satellite Standard (DVB-S)......Page 207
5.4.4 Supporting DVB Services-Sound, Service Information, and Conditional Access......Page 209
5.5.1 IP Encapsulation in the MPEG Transport Stream......Page 214
5.5.2 Packet Identification......Page 216
5.5.3 Performance of IP Encapsulation......Page 217
5.6.1 Serial Digital Interface......Page 219
5.7 Terrestrial Backhaul Interfaces......Page 220
5.7.1 Fiber Optic System Interfaces-Synchronous Optical Network and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy......Page 221
5.7.2 Asynchronous Transfer Mode......Page 222
5.7.3 Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE 802.3z)......Page 223
References......Page 226
CHAPTER 6 Direct-to-Home Satellite Television Broadcasting......Page 228
6.1 Relative Cost of Satellite DTH Versus Cable......Page 229
6.2.1 Basic Elements and Signal Flow......Page 230
6.2.2 Compression System Arrangement......Page 231
6.2.3 Suppliers of Key Elements......Page 233
6.3 Satellite Architecture......Page 235
6.3.1 Medium-Power DTH Satellite Systems......Page 237
6.3.2 High-Power DTH Satellite Systems......Page 238
6.4.1 Interference Model......Page 240
6.4.2 Satellite Spacing and Dish Sizing Analysis......Page 242
6.5 Differences Among DTH Systems......Page 245
6.5.2 Significant Differences in Satellite EIRP......Page 246
6.5.3 Polarization Selection (LP or CP)......Page 247
6.5.4 Frequency Plan Differences (Channel Spacing)......Page 248
6.5.5 Digital Transmission Format (QPSK, 8PSK, 16 QAM)......Page 249
6.5.7 Scrambling and Conditional Access......Page 250
6.6 Survey of DTH Systems......Page 252
6.7.1 DIRECTV......Page 254
6.7.2 EchoStar DISH Network......Page 255
6.8 European DTH Experience......Page 256
6.8.1 SES-Astra......Page 257
6.8.2 British Sky Broadcasting......Page 258
6.8.3 T¨¦l¨¦diffusion de France and TV-Sat......Page 259
6.8.4 Eutelsat......Page 260
6.9 Expansion of DTH in Asia......Page 262
6.9.1 Indovision (Indonesia)......Page 263
6.9.2 ASTRO/MEASAT (Malaysia)......Page 264
6.9.3 SKY PerfecTV (Japan)......Page 265
6.9.4 STAR TV/AsiaSat (Hong Kong, SAR)......Page 267
6.10 Expansion of DTH in Latin America......Page 268
References......Page 269
CHAPTER 7 Satellite Digital Audio Radio Service......Page 270
7.1 Satellite Radio Broadcast Concept......Page 271
7.1.1 S-DARS Spectrum Allocations......Page 272
7.1.2 Propagation for Mobile Broadcasting......Page 273
7.2 First Introduction-WorldSpace......Page 275
7.2.1 Transmission and Network Design for WorldSpace......Page 276
7.2.2 WorldSpace GEO Satellite Design......Page 277
7.3.1 The Use of the Inclined Elliptical Orbit......Page 278
7.3.2 Satellite Design for Sirius......Page 282
7.3.3 Network Technical Design......Page 287
7.3.4 Receiver Equipment and User Experience......Page 289
7.4 XM Satellite Radio......Page 292
7.4.1 Satellite Design for XM......Page 294
7.4.2 Transmission and Network Design for XM......Page 296
7.4.3 Radio Equipment Development......Page 297
7.5.1 Mobile Broadcasting Corporation of Japan......Page 298
7.5.2 European Digital Audio Broadcasting......Page 300
7.6 Issues and Opportunities Relative to S-DARS......Page 301
References......Page 302
PART III Two-Way Interactive Applications for Fixed and Mobile Users......Page 304
8.1 Interactive Data Networks......Page 306
8.1.1 Principle of Protocol Layering......Page 307
8.1.2 Protocols Supported by VSAT Networks......Page 310
8.1.3 Point-to-Point Connectivity......Page 312
8.1.4 Point-to-Multipoint Connectivity (Star Topology with VSATs)......Page 315
8.2 VSAT Star Networks......Page 319
8.2.1 Applications of Star Networks......Page 320
8.2.2 VSAT Network Architecture......Page 323
8.2.3 Integrator of PCs, LANs, and Internets......Page 329
8.3 VSATs in Business TV......Page 335
8.3.2 Private Broadcasting......Page 336
References......Page 339
CHAPTER 9 Technical Aspects of VSAT Networks......Page 340
9.1 Capacity Planning and Sizing......Page 341
9.1.1 Collecting Requirements for the VSAT Network......Page 342
9.1.2 Estimating Delay and Response Time......Page 344
9.1.3 VSAT Access Protocols......Page 346
9.1.4 Comparison of Access Protocol Performance......Page 355
9.2 Sizing of VSAT Networks......Page 364
9.2.1 Hub Sizing......Page 365
9.2.2 VSAT Remote Sizing......Page 369
9.2.3 Transponder Capacity Sizing......Page 373
9.3 Hub Implementations......Page 375
9.3.1 Use of a Dedicated Hub......Page 376
9.3.2 Use of a Shared Hub......Page 378
9.3.3 Network Management and Control......Page 379
9.4 VSAT Networks at Ka-Band......Page 380
9.5 Suppliers of VSAT Networks......Page 381
References......Page 384
CHAPTER 10 Fixed Telephony Satellite Networks......Page 386
10.1 Role of Satellites in Telephone Services......Page 387
10.1.1 Domestic, Regional, and International Services......Page 388
10.1.2 Estimating Telephone Traffic......Page 390
10.1.3 VoIP......Page 395
10.1.4 Interfacing to the Terrestrial Telephone Network......Page 397
10.2.1 Demand-Assigned Network Topology......Page 401
10.2.2 Fixed Telephony Earth Station Design......Page 403
10.2.3 Use of Satellite Capacity......Page 407
10.3 Preassigned Point-to-Point Link......Page 408
10.3.1 Multiple-Channel Per Carrier Transmission......Page 409
10.3.2 Bandwidth Managers and Multiplexers......Page 411
10.4.1 SCPC FTS Example......Page 412
References......Page 413
CHAPTER 11 Mobile Satellite Service (GEO and Non-GEO)......Page 414
11.1 Foundation of the Mobile Satellite Service......Page 415
11.1.1 Radio Frequency Spectrum Availability......Page 418
11.1.2 MSS Link Design......Page 419
11.1.3 Orbit Selection......Page 422
11.2 GEO MSS Systems......Page 426
11.2.1 Inmarsat (Generations 3 and 4)......Page 427
11.2.2 North American and Australian MSS Systems......Page 428
11.3 GEO MSS Systems Serving Handheld Terminals......Page 430
11.4 Non-GEO MSS Systems......Page 434
11.4.1 Iridium......Page 436
11.4.2 Globalstar System......Page 437
11.4.3 ICO Communications......Page 438
11.4.4 Comparison of the Performance of Non-GEO Systems......Page 440
11.5 Intelligent MSS Services......Page 441
11.5.1 Mobile Telephone and Data Services......Page 443
11.5.2 Handheld User Terminals......Page 444
11.5.4 Fixed Telephony User Terminals......Page 445
11.5.5 Broadband Data Terminals......Page 446
11.6 Multiple Access in MSS......Page 447
11.6.1 Applying FDMA to MSS Service......Page 448
11.6.3 CDMA......Page 450
11.6.4 Comparison of FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA......Page 452
11.7 Digital Speech Compression......Page 453
11.8.1 Network Control......Page 456
11.8.2 Subscriber Access and Connectivity......Page 457
11.8.3 Network Security......Page 458
References......Page 460
PART IV Service and Business Development......Page 462
CHAPTER 12 Frequency Coordination and Regulation of Services......Page 464
12.1 Sharing Radio Frequencies......Page 465
12.2 Structure of the ITU......Page 467
12.2.1 Objectives of ITU Regulations......Page 468
12.2.3 ITU Sectors and Bodies......Page 469
12.3.1 Objectives of the Radio Regulations......Page 471
12.3.2 Pertinent Content of the Radio Regulations......Page 472
12.3.3 Table of Frequency Allocations......Page 474
12.3.4 Coordination Procedures......Page 475
12.3.5 Rules for Satellite Operations......Page 476
12.4 International Frequency Coordination......Page 478
12.4.1 The First Step in the Process......Page 480
12.4.2 Frequency and Orbit Coordination......Page 481
12.4.3 Terrestrial Coordination of Earth Stations......Page 486
12.5 World Radiocommunication Conference......Page 488
12.6 Additional Regulatory Approvals......Page 489
12.6.1 Operation of Uplink Earth Stations......Page 490
12.6.3 Importation of Equipment......Page 491
12.6.6 Competitive Entry......Page 492
12.7.1 The U.S. Regulatory Environment......Page 493
12.7.3 Satellite Regulation in Japan......Page 496
12.7.4 Satellite Operations in Asia and the Pacific......Page 497
12.7.6 The Middle East and Southern Asia......Page 499
References......Page 500
13.1 The Satellite Marketing Challenge......Page 502
13.1.1 Selling Hardware......Page 504
13.1.2 Selling Services......Page 505
13.2 Selling the Space Segment......Page 506
13.2.1 FSS Transponder Segmentation......Page 507
13.2.2 Space Segment Provision......Page 509
13.2.3 Selling Occasional Video Service......Page 512
13.2.4 Partial Transponder and SCPC Services......Page 513
13.3.1 Entering the Competitive End-to-End Services Business......Page 514
13.3.2 Selling Value-Added Services as a Systems Integrator......Page 515
13.3.3 Maintenance Services......Page 516
Typical Content of a Satellite Application Contract......Page 518
13.4 The Marketing Organization......Page 523
13.5.1 Elements of Capital Budgeting Analysis......Page 524
13.5.2 Sources of Capital for New Satellite Systems......Page 526
13.5.3 Evaluating Venture Viability......Page 528
13.6 Trends in Satellite Communications Business and Applications......Page 529
13.6.1 Broadband Applications to Mobile and Fixed Locations......Page 530
Reference......Page 531
About the Author......Page 532
Index......Page 534