The Sandalwood Genome

Preface to the Series
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Abbreviations
1 Sandalwood: The King of Aroma in Plant Kingdom
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Taxonomic Classification
1.3 Botanical Description
1.4 Cytology
1.5 Distribution/Ecology
1.6 Habit
1.7 Uses of Sandalwood
1.8 Availability of Genomic Resources
References
2 Origin, Tradition and Cultural Importance of Sandalwood in India and Its Role in Conservation of Natural Populations
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Santalum Album in Indian Culture and Tradition
2.2.1 Origin of S. Album and Significance of Its Heartwood
2.2.2 Importance of Indian Sandalwood Oil
2.2.3 Indian Sandalwood in Vedic and Indus Valley Period
2.2.4 Indian Sandalwood in Puranas and Mythology
2.2.5 Indian Sandalwood in Various Religious Practices
2.2.6 Indian Sandalwood of New Era
2.2.7 Factors Leading to the Decline of Natural Populations of S. Album in India
2.2.8 Retrospective and Prospective Methods of Sandalwood Cultivation
2.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
3 Sandalwood: Traditional Knowledge from Ayurveda
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 History of CANDANA in the Vedic and Indus Valley Period
3.1.2 Historical Data from Ayurvedic Works
3.1.3 Recent History
3.2.1 Sanskrit Synonyms of Candana
3.2.2 Vernacular Names of Candana-
3.3 Ayurvedic Profile
3.3.1 Classification of Candana
3.3.3 Cardinal Signs of Best Candana
3.3.4 Major Pharmacological Properties of Candana
3.4 Major Therapeutic Uses
3.4.1 Burning Urination with Blood
3.4.2 Leucorrhoea
3.4.3 Headache
3.4.4 Burning Sensation
3.4.5 Skin Disorders
3.4.6 Hemorrhagic Disorders
3.4.7 Bleeding Piles
3.4.8 Vomiting
3.4.9 Bleeding Diarrhea
3.4.10 Menorrhagia
3.4.11 Urticaria
3.4.12 Amrtacandana (Cd. 1/206)
3.4.13 Candana 12 (Ah. Ci. 4/3)
3.4.14 Candana 25 (as. Ci. 11/24)
3.4.15 Candana (Cs. Ci. 3/261)
3.5 Compound Formulations
References
4 Genomic Resources in Indian Sandalwood: Implications in Conservation and Breeding
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Genomic Resources in Santalum Species
4.2.1 Whole-Genome Sequencing in Santalum Album
4.2.2 Organellar Genomes of S. Album
4.2.3 Decoding of the Sesquiterpene Biosynthetic Pathway in Sandalwood
4.2.4 Molecular Mechanisms of Parasitism
4.2.5 Response to Abiotic Stresses
4.3 In Vivo Production and Metabolic Engineering for Santalol Production
4.4 Applications of Genomics Research in Sandal Forensics, Breeding, and Conservation
4.4.1 Timber Forensics
4.4.2 Biomarkers to Predict Yield and Quality of Essential Oil in HW
4.4.3 Population Genomics for Conservation of Sandal Genetic Resources
4.4.4 Accelerating Trait-Based Breeding
4.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
5 Whole Genome Sequence of Sandalwood and Its Comparative Study
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Strategies for Whole Genome Sequencing of Sandalwood Genomes
5.3 Sequence Library Preparation and Whole Genome Sequencing
5.4 Comparative Genomics
5.4.1 Whole Genome Assembly of Bangalore Ecotype GKVK-1
5.4.2 Whole Genome Assembly of Kerala Ecotype Salb-1
5.4.3 Whole Genome Assembly of China Ecotype Haida-2
5.4.4 Genome Statistics and Gene Annotation
5.4.5 EuKaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG) Classification
5.4.6 Structural Rearrangements of Genomes
5.4.7 Gene Family Expansions and Duplications
5.5 Organelle Genomes
5.6 Repeats in Sandalwood Genome
5.7 Comparative Analysis of Genes Involved in Santalol Biosynthesis Pathway
5.8 Conclusion
References
6 Mining of SSRs and SNPs in Sandalwood Genome
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Molecular Markers and Their Importance in Sandalwood Improvement
6.3 Identification of SSRs Across Multiple Sandalwood Genomes
6.4 Identification and Functional Annotation of SNPs
6.5 Conclusion
References
7 Sandalwood Fragrance Pathway and Its Engineering for Sustainable Production of High-Value Santalols
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Terpenoid Biosynthesis in Plants
7.2.1 The Mevalonate Pathway
7.2.2 The Methylerythritol Phosphate Pathway
7.2.3 Formation of Prenyl Diphosphate Precursors
7.3 Sandalwood Oil Biosynthesis
7.4 Genome of Santalum Album
7.5 Current Approaches for Sustainable Production of Sandalwood Oil
7.5.1 Chemical Synthesis
7.5.2 Application of Elicitors
7.5.3 Use of Tissue Culture
7.5.4 Production of Sandalwood Terpenes in Alternate Host Systems: Escherichia Coli
7.5.5 Production of Sandalwood Terpenes in Alternate Host Systems: Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
7.5.6 Production of Oil in Other Host Systems
7.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
8 Sandalwood Essential Oil and Its Phyto-Chemistry
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Importance of Sandalwood Oil
8.3 Diversity in Chemical Composition of Sandalwood Oil
8.4 Conclusion
References
9 Scope of Proteogenomic Analysis for Indian Sandalwood (Santalum Album)
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Proteogenomics: A Leeway to Refine Genome Annotation
9.3 S. Album: Foray of into—Omics Era
9.4 Validating the Predicted Gene Models of S. Album
9.5 A Case Study: Proteomics Assisted Genome Annotation of S. Album
References
10 Future Prospects of Sandalwood Research
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Future Prospects
10.2.1 Population Diversity Studies
10.2.2 Disease Resistance Breeding
10.2.3 Linkage Map Construction and Mapping
10.2.4 Marker Assisted Selection (MAS)
10.2.5 Genomic Selection
10.2.6 Metabolic Engineering
10.2.7 Genome Editing
10.2.8 Supporting Farmers
References