The SAGE Encyclopedia of Leadership Studies

9781071840832_WEB_Vol 1
Cover
Half Title Page
Editorial Board
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
List of Entries
Reader’s Guide
Contributors
Introduction
A
Ableism
Definition
What Is Disability?
Types of Ableism
Consequences of Ableism
Recommendations
Further Readings
Accountability
Why Leaders Are Held Accountable
How Leaders Are Held Accountable
Further Readings
Actor–Network Theory
Actor–Network Theory: The Basics
Actor–Network Theory as a Way of Understanding Leaders
Actor–Network Theory as a Way of Understanding Leadership
Actor–Network Theory and Leadership: Reservations and Hope
Further Readings
Adam Smith and Leadership
The Enlightenment Worldview
Sympathy
Socialization
Judgment
Self-Control
Public Policy
Trade and Globalization
Limited Government
Invisible Hand
Moral and Institutional Transformation
Politicians Versus Statesmen
Further Readings
Adaptive Leadership
How Adaptive Leadership Entered the Lexicon of Leadership Studies
Key Ideas
Authority Versus Leadership
Adaptive Leadership
Technical Versus Adaptive Work
Managing Disequilibrium
Diagnosing Stakeholder Values
Critiques of Adaptive Leadership
Further Readings
Aesthetic Leadership
What Does the Term Aesthetic Mean in Relation to Leadership?
Connecting Aesthetics and Leadership
Artful Leading
What Does Aesthetic Leadership Offer Leadership Theorizing More Generally?
Further Readings
Age and Leadership
Leader Age and Effectiveness
Leader Age and Innovation
Leader Age and Emotional Maturity
Age and Transformational Leadership
Leader Age and Status
Leader Age and Diversity Policies
Further Readings
Alienation
Interpretations of Alienation in Different Fields
Literature
Theology
Philosophy
Psychology
Sociology
Critiques of Alienation
Researching Alienation
Leadership and Alienation
Further Readings
Altruism
Altruism in the Laboratory
The Elusive Question of Motives
Altruism in Organizations
Altruism and Ethics
The Mindful Altruist
Beyond Altruism Versus Egoism
Further Readings
Appearance
Facial Appearance of Leadership Emergence and Effectiveness
Facial Appearance and Political Leadership
Evolutionary Contingency Hypothesis
Female, Minority, and Non-Western Leadership
Further Readings
Atatürk and the Turkish Transformation
Kemal's Early Life
World War I and the Struggle for Turkish Independence
The New Republic and the 1926 Civil Code
Reform, Resistance, and the Legacy of Leadership
Further Readings
Authentic Leadership
Authenticity
Defining Authentic Leadership
Antecedents and Outcomes of Authentic Leadership
Measurement of Authentic Leadership
The Case for and Against Authentic Leadership
Final Remarks
Further Readings
Autocratic Leadership
The Nature of Autocratic Leadership
Outcomes of Autocratic Leadership
Further Readings
B
Bad Leadership
Definition and Measurement
Reasons for the Growing Interest
Reasons and Remedies
Tasks for Further Research
Further Readings
Bathsheba Syndrome
Ludwig and Longenecker's Account
Alternative Approaches to the Moral Psychology of Leadership
Further Readings
Behavioral Economics
Behavioral Economics Compared With Neoclassical Economics
Data and Methodology in Behavioral Economics
Laboratory Experiments
Public Goods Game (PGG)
Field Data and Experiments
Nudges
Behavioral Economics and Leadership
Further Readings
Behavioral Theories of Leadership
The Ohio State Studies
The University of Michigan Studies
Limitations of the Behavioral Theories
Contributions of the Behavioral Theories of Leadership
Further Readings
Big Five Personality Traits
The Big Five Traits
Measures of the Big Five Subtraits
Research on the Big Five Traits
Neuroticism
Extraversion
Openness to Experience
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Workplace Research on the Big Five Traits
The Big Five Traits and Leadership
General Factor of Personality
Theoretical Limitations of the Big Five Model
Conclusion
Further Readings
Big Six of the Civil Rights Movement
A. Philip Randolph and the Labor Movement
Congress of Racial Equality: CORE
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
National Urban League: NUL
Southern Christian Leadership Conference: SCLC
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee: SNCC
Further Readings
Biology of Leadership
Mapping Leadership Attributes Onto Brain Areas and Circuits
The Neurochemistry of Leadership
Leader–Follower Neural Coupling
Modulation of Leadership-Induced Stress Responses
Further Readings
Black Lives Matter and Leadership
Origins of Black Lives Matter
Galvanization of Black Lives Matter in 2020
Further Readings
Board Leadership
Leadership in the Boardroom
The Lead Director and Nonexecutive Chair Models of Leadership
How the Board Chairman Behavior Influences Leadership and Teamwork
Boardrooms: A Challenging Environment to Share Leadership
Final Remarks
Further Readings
Bureaucracy
Defining Bureaucracy
How Bureaucracy Comes About
Bounded Rationality
Models of Bureaucracies
Static, Persistent Model
Dynamic Model
Implications for Leadership
Further Readings
C
Caring Leadership
Care Ethics
Leading With Care
Leading Without Care
Final Thoughts
Further Readings
CEO Hubris
Hubris and Narcissism
Positive and Negative Manifestations of Hubris
Concluding Remarks
Further Readings
Change and Leadership
Leadership and Leaders of Change
Change Requires Leadership and Management
The Path Forward
Further Readings
Charismatic Leadership
The Alchemy of Charisma
The Scientific Study of Charisma
Future Directions
Further Readings
Charismatic Theory
Origins of Charismatic Leadership as a Construct
Early Theoretical Frameworks of Charismatic Leadership
Charismatic Leadership as a Dynamic Stage Model
Stage One: The Charismatic Leader's Search for Opportunities
Stage Two: Formulating and Articulating the Future Vision
Stage Three: Achieving the Future Vision
Liabilities of Charismatic Leadership
Further Readings
CIP Model of Leadership
Sensemaking and Leadership
Mental Models
Origins of CIP Styles: Formation of Mental Models
The CIP Theory of Leadership
Charismatic Pathway
Ideological Pathway
Pragmatic Pathway
Mixed Pathway
Research on CIP Theory
Limitations and Future of the CIP Theory
Further Readings
Civil Rights Movement
The Jim Crow South
Brown v. the Board of Education and a Burgeoning Movement
Rosa Parks Starts a Revolution
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
King and His Influence on the Movement
The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
Malcom X and His Influence on the Movement
The Movement After the March
Further Readings
Climate Change and Leadership
Climate Change
Consensus as Leadership
Youth as Leadership
Silos as Leadership
Further Readings
Coalitions
Making Coalitions Work
Collective Action Problems
Constructing Coalitions
Coalition Maintenance
Coalitions, Compromise, Commitment, and Collective Capacity
Further Readings
Coercive Management
The Complexity of Terminology
Evolutionary and Developmental Theories
Traits and Emotional Behaviors
Impact on Organizations and Employees
Further Readings
Cognitive Biases in Leadership
The Nature of Cognitive Bias
Critical Cognitive Biases in Leadership
Conservative Biases
Information Processing Biases
Egocentric Biases
Further Readings
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Foundations of Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Cognitive Discrepancy and Dissonance
Dissonance and Discrepancy Reduction
Implications of Cognitive Dissonance Theory for Leaders and Followers
Further Readings
Collapsing Toxic Triangles
Cocreation of Destructive Leadership
Context
Susceptible Followers
Destructive Leaders
Courageous Followership
Follower Behaviors to Collapse Toxic Triangles
Further Readings
Collective Action
The Problem of Collective Action
Leadership as a Solution to Collective Action Problems
Characteristics of Effective Collective Action Leaders
Further Readings
Collective Intelligence
General Intelligence and Collective Intelligence
Evidence of Collective Intelligence
Smart Groups or Groups of Smart People?
When Expertise Fails
Factors Associated With Collective Intelligence
Further Readings
Collective Leadership
Conceptual Frameworks
Social Identity
Outcomes of Collective Leadership
Developing Collective Leadership
The Role of Formal Leaders
Final Remarks
Further Readings
Collective Responsibility
Responsible Leadership
Collective Leadership
Bridging Collective and Responsible
Further Readings
Communication
Models of Communication
Management vs. Leadership
Communication Strategies for Leaders
Further Readings
Community Leadership
Key Concepts in a Community Perspective on Leadership
Individualism
Sense of Belonging
Friendships and Social Networks
Concluding Remarks
Further Readings
Community Wealth Building
Origins of Community Wealth Building as a Concept
Practical Applications
Future Trends and Possibilities: Community Wealth Building as Policy Paradigm
Further Readings
Complexity Leadership Theory
Leading in Complexity
Adaptive and Order Responses
Enabling Adaptive Responses
The CLT Adaptive Process
The Complexity Leadership Model
Complexity Leadership and Followership Mindsets and Skills
Collaboration Mindset
Adaptive Mindset
Emergence Mindset
Outcomes Mindset
Further Readings
Conformity
Classic Conformity Studies
Sherif's Studies
Asch's Studies
Follow-up Findings
Normative and Informational Influences on Conformity
Cultural Context to Conformity
Groupthink
Further Readings
Confucian Ethics
Agent-Centered Self-Refinement
Role-Fulfillment as Key Way to Refine the Self
Aesthetic Dimension of Virtuous Action
Emphasis on Exemplary Individuals
Further Readings
Congressional Leadership
An Institutional View of Congressional Leadership
Leaders in the House of Representatives
Leaders in the Senate
Theories of Congressional Leadership
Further Readings
Connective Leadership
The Achieving Styles Model
The Direct Set: Acts Directly on the Situation
Intrinsic Direct
Competitive Direct
Power Direct
The Instrumental Set: Self and Others as Instruments for Achievement
Personal Instrumental
Social Instrumental
Entrusting Instrumental
The Relational Set: Achievement Through Relationships
Collaborative Relational
Contributory Relational
Vicarious Relational
Assessment Tools, Research, and Applications for Individuals and Organizations
Connective Leadership Assessments
Applications: Practice Beyond Theory
Research Highlights on Connective Leadership
Conclusion
Further Readings
Conspiracy Theories
Methodological Note: Measurement
Methodological Note: Causation
Consequences of Belief in Conspiracy Theories
Antecedents of Belief in Conspiracy Theories
Need to Restore Control/Certainty
Need to Bolster/Protect Identity
Demographics/Personality Characteristics
Mitigating the Spread of and Belief in Conspiracy Theories
Further Readings
Context-Sensitive Leader Preferences
Human Followership: Default Preferences for Warm and Nondominant Leaders
The Intergroup Conflict–Leader Dominance Link
Individual Differences and Context-Sensitive Leader Preferences
Context-Sensitivity: Sensitive to What Sort of Contexts?
Conclusion
Further Readings
Contingency Theories
Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness
Cognitive Resource Theory
Further Readings
Cooperation
How Researchers Study Cooperation and Human Behavior
Why Individuals Cooperate in a Competitive World
Cooperation and Leadership
Further Readings
Corporate Social Responsibility
Corporate Responsibilities to Society
Fulfilling Corporate Responsibilities to Society
Discretion
Social Orientation
The Effects of CSR on the Firm
The Effects of CSR on Society
Further Readings
COVID-19 Pandemic
Leadership Based on Shared Responsibility, Science, Equity, and Solidarity in the COVID-19 Era
Shared Responsibility
Science-Based Communication
Equity
Solidarity
Conclusion
Further Readings
Creativity and Leadership
Leadership
Leading the Work
Leading the Team
Leading the Firm
Further Readings
Creativity, Innovation, and Leadership
The Paradox of Innovation Leadership
The Creative Engine
Creative People and Process
Innovation Networks
Climate of Innovation
Creative Spaces
Further Readings
Criminal Law
Criminal Behavior
Punishment
Enforcing Criminal Law
Determining Guilt
Challenging the Criminal Law
Further Readings
Crisis Leadership
The First Leadership Challenge of Crises: Decision-Making
Addressing the Decision-Making Challenge
The Second Leadership Challenge of Crises: Communication
Addressing the Communication Challenge
The Third Leadership Challenge of Crises: Collaborating With and Empowering Others
Addressing the Collaboration and Empowerment Challenge
Crisis Aftermath
Further Readings
Critical Leadership Studies
Critical Perspectives on Leadership
Power
Inequalities
Followership
Conclusion
Further Readings
Critical Race Theory
The Struggle Around Critical Race Theory
Critical Race Theory Beginnings
Foundational Ideas of Critical Race Theory
Five Tenets of Critical Race Theory
Toward a Critical Race Theory Leadership Practice
Further Readings
Cuban Missile Crisis
The Cold War Context for the Missile Crisis
Finding a Peaceful Solution to the Crisis
The Aftermath of the Crisis
Lessons for Leadership
Further Readings
Cultural Differences in Leadership Styles
Leadership Across Cultures: Theory and Some Results
Cultural Differences in Leadership: Historical Origins, Change, and Transmission
Studying Cultural Differences in Leadership Styles: Methodological Considerations
Further Readings
Culturally Relevant Leadership in Education
Demographic Changes in American Society and K-12 Schools
Culturally Relevant Pedagogy
Liberatory Consciousness
Pluralistic Insight
Reflexive Practice
Further Readings
D
Daoist Moral Obligations
On the Concepts of De and Dao
On the Principle of Moral Action: Act by Nonaction
On Daoist Leadership: Lead by Following
Further Readings
Dark Triad
Origins of the Dark Triad
Components of the Dark Triad
Narcissism
Machiavellianism
Psychopathy
Measures of the Dark Triad
Leadership and the Dark Triad
Further Readings
Death Positivity Bias and Leadership
Explanations for the Death Positivity Bias
Real-World Examples of the Death Positivity Bias
Phenomena Related to the Death Positivity Bias
Further Readings
Deception and Manipulation, Ethics of
Assessing the Means of Leadership
The Moral Case Against Deception
Manipulation
Remaining Issues
Further Readings
Decision-Making Theory
General Approaches to Decision-Making
Decision-Making and Organizational Structures
Critical Self-Learning and Organizational Learning: A Popperian Perspective
The Objective Knowledge Growth Framework
Further Readings
Democratic Leadership
Democratic Leadership in Ancient Athens
Aristotle and the Moderating Task of Democratic Leadership
Machiavelli and the Origins of Modern Democratic Leadership
Representation and Modern Democratic Leadership
Executive Power and Public Opinion
The Progressive View of Democratic Leadership
Further Readings
Deontology and Rights
Deontological Theories
Rights
Rationalizing Deontological Rights
Leadership and Deontological Rights
Further Readings
Destructive Leadership
The Leader-Centric Perspective on Destructive Leadership
The Toxic Triangle Perspective on Destructive Leadership
Conclusion
Further Readings
Dirty Hands
Key Features of the Problem
Is the Problem Real?
Potential Causes of the Problem
Democratic Dirty Hands
Further Readings
Disagreement, Ethics of
Social Contract Theory: Decision by Majority Vote
Political Perfectionism: Decision by Experts
Communitarianism and Deliberative Democracy
Further Readings
Discourse Ethics
Introduction to Discourse Ethics
Deliberative Democracy: The Extension of Discourse Ethics as a Response to Its Criticism
Discourse Ethics in Organization and Leadership Theory
Further Readings
Distributed Leadership
Emergence of Distributed Leadership Studies
Categories of Distributed Leadership
Benefits of Distributed Leadership
Issues of Distributed Leadership
Further Readings
Distributive Egalitarianism
The Moral Basis for Distributive Egalitarianism
Strict Distributive Egalitarianism
Alternatives to Strict Distributive Egalitarianism
Challenges and Alternative Principles of Distributive Justice
Further Readings
Diversity
Gender-Based Stereotypes in Leadership
Race-Based Stereotypes in Leadership
Consequences of Race and Gender Expectations for Leader Effectiveness
Further Readings
Diversity Ideologies
Further Readings
Dominance and Prestige
Dominance and Prestige
Dominance and Prestige: Two Avenues to Influence and Informal Leadership
When Dominance Is a Source of Prestige
Dominance and Prestige in Formal Leadership
The Limits of Dominance
Further Readings
E
Economic Justice
The Rawlsian Paradigm of Distributive Justice
The Moral Grounding of Rawls's View
Critical Responses
Further Readings
Economic Recovery and Leadership
Leadership Within Economic Policymaking
Fiscal Policy
Tax Policy
Government Spending Policy
Fiscal Policy and Leadership
Monetary Policy
Monetary Policy Tools
Central Bank Independence
Central Bank Credibility
Identifying Shocks
International Organizations
Further Readings
Educational Attainment
Educational Attainment Levels of People in Leadership Positions
Positive Effects of College Attendance on Leader Emergence and Leadership Skills
Potential Problems With Equating a More Educated Leader to a More Effective Leader
Further Readings
Educational Leadership
Mission of American Educational System
The Power of Teacher Impact
The Impact of School Leaders
Instructional Leadership
Teachers as Learning Leaders
Further Readings
Effective Leadership and Selflessness
Exploring the Application of Science to Leadership
Refocusing on the Core Activities and Skills of Effective Leaders
Further Readings
Effects of Power
Power To
Power Over
Individual Differences and Situational Factors
Conclusion
Further Readings
E-Leadership
The Effect of ICTs on Leadership
Leadership in Same-Place IT-Supported Meetings
Leadership in Virtual Teams
Leadership in the Age of Social Media
Leadership in the Cloud Computing Era
The Effect of Leadership on ICTs
Further Readings
Embodied Leadership
Relational Aspects of Embodied Leadership
The Leader's Body as Somatic Site
Further Readings
Emotion and Leadership
Affective Events, Leader Emotions, and Emotional Climate
Emotion Processes
Emotional Contagion
Cognitive Inferences
Attributions About Leaders
Outcomes of Leader Emotions
Leader Emotional Labor and Emotion Regulation
Final Thoughts
Further Readings
Emotional Intelligence
About Emotional Intelligence
Foundations of Emotional Intelligence
Conceptions of EI and EQ
EI Is a Broad Intelligence
EI and Leadership
What EI Predicts
EI In Practice
Can EI Be Increased?
Future Directions for Emotional Intelligence and Leadership
Further Readings
Empathic Leadership
Types of Empathy
Leader Empathy, Prosocial Behavior, and Employee Well-Being
Empathy and Leadership Styles
Task and Relations Leadership
Transformational Leadership
Leader Empathy Around the World
Concluding Remarks
Further Readings
Employee Rights
Types of Employee Rights
Normative Frameworks for Understanding Employee Rights
The Grounding of Moral Employee Rights
Further Readings
Empowerment
What Is Empowerment?
Why Should Leaders Be Empowering?
How Is Empowerment Measured?
The Dark Side of Empowerment
Future Research
Further Readings
Endogeneity and Endogenous Theorizing
Endogeneity
Endogenous Theorizing
From Problems to Solutions: The Interplay Between Methods and Theory
Further Readings
Entrepreneurial Leadership
Organizations, Traits, and Leader Behavior
Illustrative Examples: The Martin Agency and 7-Eleven
Further Readings
Ethical Consumerism
Politics Through the Market
History of Ethical Consumerism
Contested Campaigns
Ethical Consumerism and Leadership
Dilemmas of Leadership
Lifestyle and Hypocrisy
Organizations as Ethical Consumers and Leaders
A Stringent Bar for Leadership?
Further Readings
Ethical Leadership
Ethics and Perceptions
Ethical Decision-Making
Treatment and Selection
Ethical Challenges for Leaders
Concluding Remarks
Further Readings
Ethics and Effectiveness
The Hitler Problem
Ethics and Effectiveness in Leadership Studies
Machiavelli and the Dirty Hands Problem
How Moral Theories Unite Ethics With Effectiveness
Conclusion
Further Readings
Evolution of Inequality
Agriculture and Inequality
Patrons, Clients, Leaders, and Followers
Effect of Competition Among Groups on Inequality
Implications for Modern Society and Other Considerations
Further Readings
Evolutionary Leadership Theory
Evolutionary Models of Leadership and Followership
Who Leads and Who Follows?
The Context and Ecology of Leadership
Conclusions and Implications
Further Readings
Executive Compensation
Executive Compensation in Context
Executive Compensation as a Governance Issue
Executive Compensation as an Ethical Issue
Further Readings
Exemplary Leadership
The Five Practices of Exemplary Leadership
Model the Way
Inspire a Shared Vision
Challenge the Process
Enable Others to Act
Encourage the Heart
The Five Practices Make a Difference
Further Readings
F
Feminine Mystique, The
The Influence of The Feminine Mystique and Its Juncture With Leadership
Diversity in Leadership
The Limitations of The Feminine Mystique and Its Implications
A First Nation's Perspective From Australia
Models of Women and Leadership in the Postmodern Era
Further Readings
Feminism
Schools of Feminist Thought
Liberal Feminism
Radical Feminism
Socialist Feminism
Intersectional Feminism
Cultural Feminism
Waves of Feminist Social Movement in the United States
Further Readings
Film and Leaders in Politics, Sports, and Society
Politics and History
Sports
Social Justice
Conclusion
Further Readings
Film, Television, and Social Change
Leadership and Film
Television
Conclusion
Further Readings
Followership
Defining Followership
Leadership–Followership Co-Constructions
Follower Identity
Implicit Leadership Theory
Leader and Follower Identity Construction
Leader–Follower Coproductions
Implicit Followership Theory
Follower Role Orientations
Toxic Illusio
Practitioner-Based Perspectives on Followership
Future Research Directions
Further Readings
Foucault and Postmodernism
A Brief Introduction to Michel Foucault
Foucault's Archaeological Phase
Foucault's Genealogical Phase
Foucault's Ethical Phase
Applying Foucault's Ideas to Leadership
Further Readings
Foundational Lawgiving
The Analysis of Foundational Lawgiving in Political Philosophy
Relevance and Application: The Problem of Legislation
Further Readings
Full-Range Leadership Theory
Breaking Down Full-Range Leadership Theory
Application and Development
New Approach to Leadership
Further Readings
G
Gender Stereotypes
Origins of Gender Stereotypes in Western Societies
Gender Stereotypes and Professional Outcomes
Gender Stereotypes and Barriers to Leadership
Further Readings
Glass Ceiling and the Labyrinth
The Glass Ceiling
The Labyrinth
The Status of Women Leaders
Challenges That Form the Labyrinth
Domestic Responsibilities
Stereotypes and Discrimination
Organizational Culture
Women Navigate the Labyrinth
Further Readings
Global Business Leadership
Demise of Globalization?
What Is Global Business Leadership?
A Theoretical Framework for Global Leader Effectiveness
Global Mindset: A Prerequisite for Effectiveness in Global Leadership Roles
Exposure to Cultural Diversity as an Antecedent of Global Mindset
The Role of the Leader's Own Home Culture
Future Directions
Further Readings
Global Leadership
Global Leadership Managing Complexity
The Process of Global Leadership
Responding to Global Challenge
Leadership With Global Acuity
Interconnections and Complex Systems
Global Leaders as Curious Negotiators
Further Readings
Globalism, Nationalism, and Leadership
The Tension Between the Universal and the Particular
City and Empire
The Nation
The European Union
Leadership in a More Unified and More Fragmented World
Globalization and Democracy
Further Readings
GLOBE 2020
The GLOBE Project
The Relationship Between Ideal Leadership and Country Culture
Religiosity as a New Cultural Dimension
Role of Gender
Leadership and Interpersonal Trust
Interpersonal Trust: A Cross-Cultural Perspective to Maximize Leadership Effectiveness
GLOBE 2020 Survey Design
Country Co-Investigators
GLOBE 2020 Instrument
GLOBE 2020 Sample
Goals and Future Prospects
Further Readings
GLOBE Research Program
About the GLOBE Project
The Phases of GLOBE
GLOBE 2020
Future GLOBE Research
GLOBE and Leadership
Cultural Leadership Ideals and Effectiveness
Why Do CLTs Matter?
GLOBE and Societal Culture
Distinguishing Cultural Values From Practices
Further Readings
Group Effectiveness
Groups Versus Individuals
Improving Effectiveness
Implications
Further Readings
Group Norms
Communicating Norms
Norm Enforcement and Violation
Review and Revision of Norms
Implications
Further Readings
Group Process
Establishing the Group Process
The Special Role of Communication
Group Leader Involvement in Process
Implications
Further Readings
Group Satisfaction
Influences on Satisfaction
Satisfaction and Group Composition
Group Process and Satisfaction
Group Modality
Consequences of (Dis)satisfaction
Implications
Further Readings
Groupthink
Diagnosing Groupthink
Characteristics of Groupthink
Research on Groupthink
Implications for Group Leaders
Further Readings
H
Health Psychology and Leadership
Positive Leadership in Health Psychology
Problematic Leadership in Health Psychology
Further Readings
Health, Well-Being, and Leadership
Leadership Styles and Health and Well-Being
Transformational Leadership
Transactional Leadership
Laissez-Faire Leadership
A Comparison of Leadership Styles
Work Stress and Job Burnout
The Consequences of Work Stress
Physical Health Consequences
Mental Health Consequences
Environments Where Hierarchies and Leadership Cultures Affect Well-Being
Health Care Settings
The Airline Industry
The U.S. Military
Promoting Workplace Health
Workplace Wellness Programs
Workplace Wellness for Leadership
Further Readings
Heroic Leadership
Characteristics of Heroic Leadership
Theories of Heroic Leadership
Mental Constructions of Heroic Leadership
Further Readings
Higher Education
Organizational Diversity
Recent Trends
Multiple Constituencies
Increasing Specialization
A Complex Legal and Policy Environment
A Rapidly Changing “Business Model”
Mission Complexity
Diversity Among Students and Leaders
Leadership Approaches
Further Readings
History
Change Over Time
Context
Causality
Contingency
Complexity
Further Readings
Human Trafficking
Further Readings
Humane Education
Defining the Field and Practice
A Better World Is Possible
Poverty
Social Justice
Environmental Protection
Animal Welfare and Rights
Humane Education Seeks a Just, Sustainable, and Humane Future
What Comprises Humane Education?
Fostering Compassion and a Sense of Responsibility
Teaching Critical, Systems, Strategic, and Creative Thinking
Creating Opportunities to Make a Difference and Solve Real-World Problems
Barriers to the Spread of Humane Education
Real-World Crises Are Having an Impact on Educational Leaders
Problem- and Project-Based Learning (PBL) Have Already Been Adopted
Further Readings
Humility
Types of Humility
The Study of Humility
Leader Humility
Team Humility and Organizational Humility
Further Readings
Humor
Functionalist Perspectives
Critical Perspectives
Suppressing Humor
Manufacturing Humor
Final Thoughts
Further Readings
I
Idiosyncrasy Credit
Idiosyncrasy Credit: The Basics
Idiosyncrasy Credit and Social Exchange
Idiosyncrasy Credit, Power, and Ethical Leadership
Further Readings
Idiosyncratic Deals
Forms of I-Deals
Benefits and Costs of I-Deals
Who Gets and Grants I-Deals
I-Deals Beyond the United States and Beyond Businesses
Further Readings
Implicit Leadership Theories
Origins
Content, Structure, and Functions
Measurement
Outcomes
Future Research and Practical Implications
Final Remarks
Further Readings
Inclusive Leadership
Leadership at the Top
Inclusive Leadership of the Team
Inclusive Leadership at a Dyadic Level
Outcomes of Inclusive Leadership
Further Readings
Income Inequality
Theory and Measurement of Income Inequality
Segmented and Inefficient Labor Markets
Public Policy Approaches to Income Inequality
Further Readings
Indigenous International Diplomacy
Traditional Diplomatic Relations Prior to European Contact
Indigenous Diplomacy With Colonial and U.S. Governments
Indigenous Diplomacy in the Modern Era
Intertribal Reciprocal Agreement Regarding Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering (1997)
Anishinaabe Akii Protocol (1998)
Water Protection Treaties (2004–2006)
United League of Indigenous Nations Treaty (2007)
Northern Tribes Buffalo Treaty (2014)
Treaty Alliance Against Tar Sands Expansion (2016)
The Grizzly: A Treaty of Cooperation, Cultural Revitalization, and Restoration (2016)
The Wolf: A Treaty of Cultural and Environmental Survival (2021)
Indigenous Diplomacy as a Model for the Future
Further Readings
Influence Tactics for Leaders
Influence Outcomes
Proactive Influence Tactics
Rational Persuasion
Apprising
Inspirational Appeals
Consultation
Exchange
Collaboration
Ingratiation
Legitimating Tactics
Pressure Tactics
Coalition Tactics
Personal Appeals
Effectiveness of the Proactive Influence Tactics
Findings for Individual Tactics
Combining Tactics
Sequencing Different Tactics
Using Tactics to Resist Influence Attempts by Others
Other Implications of Leader Influence Behavior
Further Readings
Innovation
The Innovation Process
The Vision Thing: How Transformational Leadership Creates Transformational Change
Climate for Innovation
Team Leadership: Ambidextrous Leadership
Diversity and Team Leadership
Individual Self-Leadership
Further Readings
Institutional Culture Versus Structure in the Army
Differing Paces of Change
Resistance to Change
Crisis and Cultural Change
Further Readings
Instrumental Leadership
Rationale for Instrumental Leadership
What Is Instrumental Leadership?
Why and How Does Instrumental Leadership Work?
Evidence for the Effectiveness of Instrumental Leadership
Further Readings
Intelligences
General Intelligence
Fluid Intelligence
Crystallized Intelligence
Too Much of a Good Thing
Encompassing Theories of Intelligence(s)
Successful Intelligence
Multiple Intelligences
Theories of Specific Kinds of Intelligences
Emotional Intelligence
Practical Intelligence
Social Intelligence
Collective Intelligence
Further Readings
Intelligent Disobedience
Authority and Compliance
Origin of the Term
Criteria for Obedience and Disobedience
Conditions for Appropriate Obedience
Distinctions from Civil Disobedience
Social Factors Affecting Obedience and Appropriate Disobedience
Psychological Strategies Resulting in Obedience or Disobedience
Obedience Acculturation
High Power-Distance Cultures
Applications of Intelligent Disobedience
Crew Resource Management
Adapting the CRM Model
Changes in Military Culture
Childhood Development
Final Remarks
Further Readings
Intergroup Processes
Some Influences of Conflict Among Subgroups
Theories to Reduce Intergroup Conflict
Interpersonal Theories
Intergroup Theories
Future Directions
Further Readings
International Leadership Association
Mission
A Trusted Space for Leadership Learning
A Trusted Source for Leadership Resources
A Global Leadership Community
The Core Values of the ILA
A Professional Membership Association
ILA Member Communities
What Makes the ILA Distinctive as a Professional Association?
Programs, Publications, and Special Projects
Programs
Publications
Special Projects
ILA History
Further Readings
Intersectionality: Race, Gender, and Leadership
Intersectionality of Race and Gender
Systemic Racism
Leadership and Employment: Gender and Racial Disparities
Further Readings
9781071840832_WEB_Vol 2
Cover
Half Title Page
Editorial Board
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
List of Entries
Reader’s Guide
Contributors
Introduction
L
Labeling Theory
Weber and Types of Leadership
Deviance Typology
Further Readings
Language and Leadership
The Importance of Language for Leadership Theorizing and Research
Key Streams of Work on Language in Leadership Studies
Communication
Discourse
Multilingualism
Future Research
Further Readings
Leader Emergence and Performance
Personality, Intelligence, and Individual Attributes
Implicit Leadership Theories
Gender and Leader Emergence
Contemporary Views: Shared Leadership and Context
Emergence in Virtual Teams
Conclusion
Further Readings
Leader Exceptionalism
Origins
Explanations of Ethical Failure
Moral Theory and the Moral Psychology of Leadership
Further Readings
Leader Manipulation in Warfare
Further Readings
Leader Self-Efficacy
Origins of Self-Efficacy
Developing the Concept of Leadership Self-Efficacy
Relationship to Other Constructs and Outcomes
Leader Development and Self-Efficacy
Further Readings
Leader–Follower Relationships
The Case for Mutual Influence
Mutual Expectations
Active Followership
Leader–Member Exchange (LMX)
Emotional Connections
Future Research
Further Readings
Leader–Member Exchange (LMX)
LMX Theory Development
LMX Relationship Development
Antecedents and Outcomes of LMX Quality
Theoretical Frameworks for LMX
Beyond the Leader–Follower Dyad
Criticisms of LMX Research
The Significance of LMX
Further Readings
Leaders' Personal Crisis
Absence of Research on Leaders During Personal Crisis
Risks of Leader Personal Crisis to the Organization
Theory Relevant to Leaders in Crisis
Leaders Coping With Stressful Life Events
Leadership Risks and Benefits When Navigating Personal Crisis
Organizations of Reciprocal Care
Further Readings
Leaders' Stories
Defining a Leader
Ordinary, Innovative, and Visionary Leaders
Inclusionary and Exclusionary Identity Stories
The Unschooled Mind
Case Studies
Further Readings
Leaders' Power Resources and Followers' Reactions
The Definition, Limits, and Outcomes of Power
The Tools of Power: The Seven Power Bases
Follower Psychological Reactions and Outcomes
Instrumental Exchange (Psychological Reaction) and Compliance (Outcome)
Internalization, Personal Identification (Psychological Reactions), and Commitment (Outcome)
Dissatisfaction (Psychological Reaction) and Resistance (Outcome)
The Position Power Tool Kit
Legitimate Power (Authority)
Reward Power
Coercive Power
Ecological Power
Information Power
The Personal Power Tool Kit: Expert and Referent Power Bases
Expert Power
Referent Power
How a Leader Can Effectively Use the Power Bases
Further Readings
Leadership and Empathy on the Screen
Fictional Leadership on the Television Screen
Factual Leadership in the 21st Century
The Effect of On-Screen Examples on Leadership
Further Readings
Leadership and Management
The Emergence of Management
Management Versus Leadership
Further Readings
Leadership and U.S. International Relations
U.S. Leadership in Foreign Affairs
George Washington's Farewell Address
Expansionism in the 20th Century
World War I
World War II
The Cold War
The Challenge of the Military–Industrial Complex
The Legacy of 9/11
U.S. Core Values
The Decline of U.S. Standing in the World
The American Dream Versus The American Nightmare
Further Readings
Leadership Development
History
Models and Frameworks
Experience-Based Development
Leader Identity
Practices
Feedback
Structured Reflection
Active Listening
Coaching
Further Readings
Leadership for the Common Good
The Common Good
Conceptualizing Leadership for the Common Good
Practicing Leadership for the Common Good
Further Readings
Leadership in Children and Adolescents
Identifying and Describing Leaders Within Children's and Adolescents' Peer Systems
Leaders as Norm Setters
Socially Competent Leaders
Bullies: The Dark Side of Leadership
Leaders and Their Context
Further Readings
Leadership in Dogs
The Origins of Dogs
Instrumental and Symbolic Value
Dogs as Followers
Dogs as Leaders
The Interdependence of Dogs and People
Organizational Processes and Dogs
Further Readings
Leadership in Nonhuman Mammals
The Nature of Leadership in Nonhuman Animals
Leadership During Group Movements
Leadership During Group Foraging
Leadership During Intragroup and Intergroup Conflicts
Conclusion
Further Readings
Leadership in Science
The Limits of Earlier Paradigms
Trait Theory
Transactional Leadership
Transformational Leadership
An Action-Centered Approach
Achieving a Goal
Incentive Structures
Implications for Research and Thought Leadership
Building Teams
The Centrality of Trust
The Contribution of Diversity to Integrity
An Observed Shift From Agentic to Communal Leadership
Developing Individuals
Mentoring Is a Function of Resources
Leadership as Facilitation
Emotional Intelligence in Scientific Leadership
Further Readings
Leadership in Violence Prevention
Leaders in Violence Prevention
Leadership in Family Violence Prevention Programs
Leadership in Community Violence Prevention Programs
Leadership in Societal Violence Prevention Programs
Further Readings
Leading Diversity
Team Diversity
Inclusive Leadership
Cross-Cultural Issues
Further Readings
Leading From Below
Importance
Characteristics
Related Concepts
Managing Up
Leading From the Middle
Further Readings
LGBTQ+ Social Movements
Queer Leaders for Queer Activism
Contextualizing LGBTQ+ Leadership: The Homophile Movement
Intersectional Approaches and LGBTQ+ Leadership in the 21st Century
Further Readings
The Liberal Tradition
Defenses of Liberalism
John Stuart Mill and the Liberal Tradition
Free Speech and the Liberal Tradition
Further Readings
Liberalism and Toleration
Liberalism
Toleration
Applications of Main Ideas
Further Readings
Literature
Storytelling and Language
Understanding Literature
Basic Understanding
Linguistic Understanding
Contextual Understanding
Reframing (for Leadership)
Implications for Leadership
A Caution for Leadership Scholars and Practitioners
Further Readings
M
Majority and Minority Influence
Majority Influence
Minority Influence
Evidence for Dual Processing
Demographic Effects
Virtual Teams
The Role of Team Leaders
Further Readings
Manhattan Project
Deciding to Make the Atomic Bomb
The Building of the Atomic Bomb
The Use of the Bombs
Further Readings
Marketing Leadership
Consumer Movements
Resistant vs. Activist Movements
Tactical Repertoire of Movements
Online Brand Scrutiny
Value Cocreation
How Value Is Cocreated
Appropriation of Consumer Movements
Exploitation of Consumer Labor
Virtue Signaling
Moral Grandstanding
Further Readings
Me Too Movement
Power Dynamics That Lead to Sexual Misconduct
Leader Responsibility in Handling Workplace Sexual Misconduct
Legislative Solutions and Equitable Advancement
Further Readings
Men and Masculinities
Constructing Men's Leadership Masculinities
The Authoritative Style: Leader as Hero
The Paternalistic Style: Leader as Father
The Egalitarian Style: Leader as Good Bloke or Mate
Deconstructing Men's Leadership Masculinities
Exploring Masculinity in Leadership Decision-Making
Future Directions
Further Readings
Military Leadership
Historical Context
Modern Military Leadership
Further Readings
Mindful Leadership
Background on Mindfulness
Establishing a Core of Mindfulness
Frameworks for Studying Mindfulness at Work
Benefits of Mindfulness at Work
Cultivating Higher Levels of Mindfulness
The Transformational Power of Mindfulness
Further Readings
Monetary Policy
Guiding Multiple Voters
Communication
Decision-Making Under Uncertainty
Further Readings
Moral Character
Leadership and Virtue
The Good Leader: Normative Studies
The Good Leader: Empirical Studies
Character and Leadership Education
Character, Reasons, and Actions
Good Character Means Good Leadership
Further Readings
Moral Imagination
Adam Smith's Impartial Spectator
Immanuel Kant and the Three Elements of Imagination
Contemporary Moral Imagination and Decision-Making
Immoral Imagination and Blind Spots
Further Readings
Moral Language
Deontology and Consequentialism
Virtue Signaling
Further Readings
Moral Pluralism
Moral Foundations Theory
Model of Moral Motives
Relationship Regulation Theory
Loyalty Tensions in Moral Leadership
Further Readings
Moral Risk
Further Readings
Motional Intelligence and Leadership
Origins of Motional Intelligence
Actor–Audience Asymmetry in Motional Intelligence
Motional Intelligence in Romance
Motional Intelligence in Leadership
Further Readings
Multiculturalism, Ethics of
Separating State and Culture: Benign Neglect
Neutral Nationalism and the Common Denominator Approach
The Millet Approach
The Melting Pot and the Potluck Models
Further Readings
Multiple Roles of Leaders
Leaders, Followers, and the Uses of Power
Engagement Between Partners and Collaborators
Creativity and Effectiveness in Leaders and Managers
Further Readings
Mutiny
Origins of the Word Mutiny
Mutiny and Leadership
Leadership Within Mutinies
Mutinies in the Present Day
Further Readings
N
Narcissistic Leadership
Behind the Narcissistic Façade
Leadership and Personality
Personality Traits of Positive Leaders
Personality Traits of Narcissistic Leaders
Work Environment
Working With a Narcissist
Manipulation and Control
Further Readings
Networks and Networked Organizations
Understanding Organizations
Science of Networks
Contagion Typology
Geometry of Networks
The Dynamics of Networks in Organizations
Networks Are Wholistic
Networks Blur Boundaries
Networks Are Nonlinear
Networks Are in Constant Flux
Networks Are Relational
Networks Are Linked
Implications for Leadership
Shifting the Leadership Mindset
Embracing the Whole
Valuing Connectivity
Linking Complex Networks
Influencing Relevant Change
Further Readings
Neuroscience
Antagonistic Neural Networks: Task Versus Social Leadership
Leadership Is a Relationship
Stress, Power Stress, and Sustainability of Leadership Through Renewal
Strategy
Future Prospects
Further Readings
Nonprofit Leadership
Nonprofit Organizations and Leadership
Historical Origins of U.S. Nonprofit Leadership
Nonprofit Leadership in Theory and Practice
Governing Boards
Executive Leadership
Volunteer Leadership
Nonprofit Leader Roles
Nonprofit Leader Skills
Nonprofit Leader Ethics
The Unique Role of the Nonprofit Leader
Further Readings
Nostalgia and Leadership
Nostalgia as a Resource for Leadership
Personal Versus Collective Nostalgia
Leadership-Related Nostalgic Benefits
Important Mediators or Drivers of Nostalgia Benefits
Nostalgia's Utility in Leadership
Further Readings
O
Obedience
Distinguishing Obedience From Other Social Influence Processes
Bases of Power and Authority
Empirical Studies of Obedience to Authority
Concerns With Milgram's OTA Studies
Does the OTA Effect Replicate?
Victim Factors
Authority Factors
Target Factors
Factors Related to the Obedience Prompt
Future Directions
Further Readings
Organizational Leadership
The Industrial Era
The Information Technology Era
The Global Era
Further Readings
P
Panama Canal Treaties
Establishing U.S. Control Over Panama's Transit Corridor
Preserving U.S. Control Over the Canal
Overhauling the Relationship to Protect U.S. Interests
Further Readings
Paradoxes of Leadership
Understanding the Link Between Paradox and Leadership
Common Paradoxes of Leadership
Implications of Paradox for Leadership Theory, Practice, and Development
Further Readings
Paternalism: Origins and Theoretical Context
Dimensions of Paternalistic Leadership
Origins of Paternalistic Leadership
Paradoxical Leadership in PL
Theoretical Support
Antecedents and Consequences of PL
Further Readings
Paternalistic Leadership: Conceptual Frameworks
Overview
Frameworks of Paternalistic Leadership
Antecedents and Outcomes of Paternalistic Leadership
Future Research Directions
Further Readings
Path-Goal Theory
History and Background
The Theory
Concerns Raised
Outgrowths From the Theory
Application of the Theory to Practice
Further Readings
Patriarchy and Its Origins
Comparing Humans With Other Species
Sexual Selection
Gender Differences
Gendered Division of Labor
Variation in Patriarchy Cross-Culturally
Dismantling Patriarchy
Further Readings
Pearl Harbor Speech
The Dual Purposes of Rhetoric
Scholarly Analyses of the Pearl Harbor Speech
Nondeclarations of War in U.S. History
Further Readings
Persuasion
Early Research on Persuasion
The ELM and the HSM
The ELM and Route Selection
Biased Processing and Partisanship
Further Readings
Philosophy and Leadership
What Is Philosophy?
Relevance to Leadership
Other Areas of Philosophy
Further Readings
Plutarch
Moralia
Parallel Lives
Conclusion
Further Readings
Political Identities
The Nature of Political Identification
Trump's Devoted Base
Social Identity
Strategic Manipulation
Political Leadership
Further Readings
Political Leadership
The Role of Leadership in Politics
The Evolution of Political Leadership
The Great Thinkers on Political Leadership
Political Leadership Today
Further Readings
Political Leadership and Historical Memory
Great Leaders and the American Narrative
Challenges to the Heroic Style of Commemoration
The Postheroic Style
Further Readings
Political Obligation
Consent
Natural Duties
Associational Obligations
Fair Play
Further Readings
Power and Culture
Power
Culture
Power and Culture, Together
Power, Culture, and Agency
Further Readings
Power and Powerlessness
What Is Power?
Power as Agency
Power as Structured
Multidimensional Power
Power and Leadership
Navigating and Transforming Power
Power-Sensitive Leadership
Further Readings
Presidential Leadership
Barber's Analysis of Presidential Character
Fred Greenstein's Six Presidential Qualities
Skowronek: The Politics Presidents Make
Simonton: Leader Schemas and Ratings of Presidential Greatness
Conclusion
Further Readings
Pride and the Psychology of Prestige
Evolutionary Psychology and Psychological Adaptations
Evolutionary Significance of Status
The Logic of Status Allocation in Human Groups
Features of Pride and the Adaptive Problems of Status Pursuit
Further Readings
Procedural Justice
Fair Process Effects
Theories of Procedural Justice
Factors Promoting Procedural Justice
Recent Applications of Procedural Justice
Further Readings
Property-Owning Democracy
Rawls and Economic Systems
Policy and Institutional Features of Property-Owning Democracy
Further Readings
Prosocial Behavior
The Micro-level of Prosocial Behavior
The Meso Level of Prosocial Behavior
The Macrolevel of Prosocial Behavior
Final Remarks
Further Readings
Proximate and Ultimate Evolutionary Approaches to Leadership
Evolutionary Leadership Theory
Leadership and Tinbergen's Four Questions
Proximate-Single Form: How Does It Work?
Proximate Development: How Did It Develop?
Ultimate-Developmental: Why Did It Historically Evolve?
Ultimate-Single Form: Why Is It Currently Functional?
Applications to Modern Issues
Further Readings
Prozac Leadership
Excessively Positive Leaders
Resisting Prozac Leadership
Concluding Remarks
Further Readings
Purpose and Invisible Leadership
The Common Purpose as Leader: Invisible Leadership
Essentials of Developing an Inspiring Common Purpose
Embedding Common Purpose in the Culture
Ethical Dimensions of the Common Purpose
The Complexity of Purpose
Further Readings
R
Race and Ethnicity
Connecting Race and Ethnicity to Leadership
Challenging Traditional Notions of Leadership
Expanding Diversity and Leadership Studies
Issues Regarding Race, Ethnicity, and Leadership
The Intersectionality of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender
Further Readings
Racial Disparities
Racial/Ethnic Representations of Leadership in the Workplace
Working Toward Equity in Leadership
Further Readings
Reconstructive Presidents
The President and the Constitution
Sequences of Affiliated and Opposition Leadership
The Political Architecture of Reconstructive Leadership
Franklin Roosevelt and Ronald Reagan as Reconstructive Leaders
Further Readings
Regulating Private Sector Leadership
Regulations as a Framework
Types of Private Sector Regulation
Leadership and Self-Regulation
Healthy Leadership
Further Readings
Religion and Leadership
What Is Servant Leadership?
Religion and Servant Leadership
Theology and Servant Leadership
Biblical Examples of Servant Leadership
Biblical Characteristics of Servant Leadership
Concluding Thoughts
Further Readings
Religious Disagreement
Social Contract Theory and Religious Neutrality
The Doctrine of Religious Restraint
The Limits of Restraint and the Convergence Conception of Justification
Further Readings
Resilient Leadership
Theory and Research
Resilience Versus Pollyanna Prescriptions of “Put a Smile on Your Face”
Is Resilience Innate or Learned?
Resilience (or Lack Thereof) in Younger Generations
How the Self-Esteem Movement Produced the Resilience Movement
Can Resilience Be Taught?
Further Readings
Resonant Leadership
Origin
Theoretical Foundations
A Relationship-Based Style
Social Cognition
Neuroscience
Outcomes
Further Readings
Responsible Leadership
Stakeholders and the Relational Perspective
Stakeholder Complexity
Roles Model Approach
Organizational Outcomes
Application of Responsible Leadership
Further Readings
Rhetoric
Rhetorical Opportunities
Audiences and Rhetorical Leadership
Legitimating Institutions
Influencing Political Agendas
Framing Political Issues
Uniting the Polity
Further Readings
Rhetoric and Persuasion
History of Rhetoric and Leadership
Current Perspectives on Rhetoric and Leadership
Further Readings
Romance of Heroism
Romance Resulting From Motivational Drives
Romance Resulting From Perception and Cognition
Further Readings
Romance of Leadership
Leadership and Followership—An Unbalanced Equation
Follower Dynamics: Social Contagion
Concluding Remarks
Further Readings
Rosy Halo and Power
Power: Corrupting or Ennobling?
Flawed Perception That Power Corrupts
Reversed Causality Between Power and Corruption
Impressions of the Powerful As More Ethical
Implications
Further Readings
S
Schemas, Scripts, and Mental Models
Schemas
Person Schemas
Self-Schemas
Scripts
Mental Models
Future Directions
Further Readings
Self-Leadership
Conceptual Development
Measurement
The RSLQ
The ASLQ
An Overview of Self-Leadership Impacts
Current Challenges
Self-Leadership Paradoxes
Conceptual Overlap
Overreliance on Strategies
Future Opportunities
Broader Conceptualization
Cross-Disciplinary Input
Focus on Constructs
Further Readings
September 11 Terrorist Attacks and Leadership
Intelligence Regarding Al Qaeda
President Bush as Mobilizing Leader
Leadership and Followership on the Road to War in Iraq
Further Readings
Servant Leadership
What Is Servant Leadership?
How Does Servant Leadership Differ From Other Leadership Theories?
Research on Servant Leadership
Servant-Leader Characteristics
The Impact of Servant-Leaders
How Servant-Leaders Influence Followers
Criticisms of Servant Leadership
Further Readings
Service Innovation
What Is Service Innovation?
Disrupting Digitally
Simplifying via Automation
Personalizing the Service Experience
Further Readings
Service-for-Prestige Theory of Leadership
Human Leader-Follower Relations: How Universal and How Unique Are They?
Leadership and Followership Among Hunter-Gatherers
The Universality of “Good” Leadership: Dominance Versus Prestige
Service-for-Prestige as a Form of Reciprocal Altruism
Service-for-Prestige as a Form of Collective Action
Conclusion
Further Readings
Sexual Harassment
Sexual Harassment in Historical Context
Explanations for Sexual Harassment
Optimizing Choice
The Superstar Sexual Harasser
Solutions to Sexual Harassment
Critiquing the Solutions
Further Readings
Sexual Identity
History of Sexual Identity
From Activism to Mainstream
Organizations
Education
Politics
Theorizing Sexuality and Leadership
Further Readings
Sexuality
Defining Sexuality
Sexual Identity
Gender Identity
Sexual Orientation
Sexual Behavior
Leaders and Sexuality
Further Readings
Shared Leadership
A Growing Interest in Shared Leadership
Scientific Evidence of Shared Leadership
Quantitative Studies of Shared Leadership
Qualitative Studies of Shared Leadership
The Future of Leadership in Organizations
Further Readings
Situational Leadership
Origin of Situational Leadership Theory
Situational Leadership Cycle
Military Example of Situational Leadership Theory
Challenges
Further Readings
Skills
Skills and Leader Performance
Cause/Goal Analysis
Forecasting
Constraint Analysis
Creative Thinking
Planning
Wisdom
Sensemaking
Final Remarks
Further Readings
Social Change
How Societies Change
Dimensions of Social Change
Revolutionary Versus Evolutionary Social Change
Levels of Social Change: Local, National, and Global
Structures Versus Strategies in Changing Societies
Further Readings
Social Identities
How Social Identities Shape Social Expectations
Leadership in the Eye of the Beholder
Achieving Access and Legitimacy
Followers and Legitimacy
How Social Identities Shape Our Behaviors and Beliefs
Further Readings
Social Identity Theory
The Social Identity Approach
Types of Self and Identity
Salience
Prototypes
Self-Categorization
Motivation
Social Identity Theory of Leadership
Prototypicality and Influence
Social Attraction and Popularity
Social Construction of Charisma
Leader Behavior
Entrepreneurs of Identity
Social Identity Research and New Developments
Uncertainty and Leadership
Intergroup Leadership
The Future
Further Readings
Social Media
Who Is a Leader?
Differences in Social Media Use
Social Media Use and Brand Identity
Social Media Use to Engage Employees
Social Media Use and Crisis Management
Social Media Use for Collective Action
Leaders' Misuse of Social Media
Managing Generational Differences
Future Implications
Further Readings
Special Obligations and Leadership Ethics
A Taxonomy of Special Obligations
Relevance and Limits of Special Obligations for Leadership Ethics
Conclusion
Further Readings
Sports
Competitive Excellence
Student-Athlete Experience
Integrity, Equity, and Inclusivity
Resource/Revenue Development
Looking Ahead
Further Readings
State Aggression
Factors That Lead to State Aggression
World War II and State Aggression
A Turn Toward Social History
Leader Attributes and State Aggression
Investigating What Affects Adult Human Behavior
Further Readings
Stereotype Threat
Antecedents of Stereotype Threat for Underrepresented Leaders
Mitigating Factors and the Experienced Consequences of Stereotype Threat
Further Readings
Strategic Leadership
Definition of Strategic Leadership
Who
What
Making Strategic Decisions
Engaging With External (and Internal) Stakeholders
Performing Human Resource Management Activities
Motivating and Influencing
Managing Information
Overseeing Operations and Administration
Managing Social and Ethical Issues
Managing Conflicting Demands
When
How
Why
The Role of Context
Performance
Further Readings
Student Development
Nevitt Sanford's Life Influences
The Authoritarian Personality
Major Books on College Student Development
Sanford's Student Development Theory
Readiness
Challenge
Retreat
Support
Balancing Challenge and Support
Optimal Mismatch
Further Readings
Sustainability
The UN Brundtland Commission Report
The Three Dimensions of Sustainability
Environmental Sustainability
Economic Sustainability
Social Sustainability
UN Sustainable Development Goals
Three Questions About Environmental Sustainability
Challenges in Managing Common-Pool Resources
Sustainability in Business
Climate Change
Further Readings
Systems Thinking
Origins of Systems Theory
How Systems Operate
Systems and Leadership
Leadership and Systems Research
Further Readings
T
Task and Socio-Emotional Leadership
Bales's Groundbreaking Studies on Small Groups
Explanations From the Findings
Complementary Task and Socio-Emotional Leadership in U.S. Presidencies
Combining Both Types of Leadership
Further Readings
Teacher Leadership
The Development of the Teacher-Leader Role
Data Analysis
Instructional Initiatives, Professional Training, and Community Engagement
Mentorship
Compensation
Geographical Differences
Further Readings
Team Leadership
The Processes and Functions of Team Leadership
Team Leaders and Team Emergent States
Team Properties That Alter Required Leadership Processes
Collective Leadership
Further Readings
Terror Management Theory
Terror Management Theory: The Basics
Leadership and Charisma
Studies of Mortality Salience and Charismatic Leadership
TMT and the Future of Democracy
Further Readings
Theater and Leadership
The Birth of the Director
Leadership Style
Areas of Leadership Responsibility
Impacts on Gender
Calls for Racial Justice
Further Readings
Toxic Leadership
Historical Arc of Toxic Leadership
Behaviors and Psychological Qualities of Toxic Leaders
Contexts of Toxic Leadership Research
The Role of Followers
Conformers and Colluders
Environments Conducive to Leader Toxicity
Future Directions
Further Readings
Trait Theories of Leadership
Early Research on the Trait Approach
Leadership Traits
Problems and Limitations of the Trait Approach
Recent Research on the Trait Approach
The Trait Approach and the Five-Factor Model of Personality
Final Remarks
Further Readings
Transactional and Transformational Synergies
Patterns of Leader Behavior
Senatorial Leadership
Transactions and Power
Creating Power Resources
Building Bridges
Transformation Through Shared Leadership
Coda: Leadership Versatility and Beauty
Further Readings
Transformational and Transactional Leadership
A Theory Emerges
Early Stage Theory Development
A Critical Appraisal
Future Directions
Further Readings
Transformational Leadership
Transformational Versus Transactional Leadership
Attributes of Transformational Leaders
How Transformational Leaders Perceive Threats and Opportunities
Liabilities of Transformational Leadership
Can Anyone Become a Transformational Leader?
Further Readings
Transforming Leadership
Transforming Leadership in 1978s Leadership
Transforming and Transformational Leadership in Dead Center
Burns's Transforming and Bass's Transformational Leadership
Further Readings
Trauma
Types of Trauma
Effects of Trauma
The Organizational Leadership of Trauma
Further Readings
Trolley Problem
Proposed Solutions to the Trolley Problem
Killing and Letting Die
Risk Redirection
Mere Means
Applications of the Trolley Problem
Criticisms of the Trolley Problem
Further Readings
Trust
Declining Trust
Trust in Political Life
Why Leaders Are Trusted?
Social Capital
The Benefits of Mistrust
Further Readings
U
Unintended Consequences of Leadership Theories
How Leadership Theories Are Typically Developed
Critiques of Positivist Theory-Building
Unintended Consequences of Transformational, Charismatic, and Authentic Leadership Theories
Further Readings
V
Virtual Leadership
Virtual Dyadic Leadership
Virtual Team Leadership
Further Readings
Virtues
What Are Virtues?
How Virtues and Leadership Intersect
Virtues Inform Character, and Character Informs Good Leadership
Virtues and Leadership Are Linchpins Connecting Us to Each Other
Virtues and Leadership Can Be Learned and Developed
How Virtues and Leadership Are Studied
Tensions and Debates in the Study of Virtues and Leadership
Further Readings
Visual Arts
Social Engagement and the Creative Process
Education/Training
Applied Arts/Architecture
Politics, History, Exhibition, and Collection
Further Readings
Voting Rights Act
The Voting Rights Act of 1965
The Early Years: The Rise of the Voting Rights Act
Nuts and Bolts: The Voting Rights Act and Its Immediate Aftermath
Further Readings
W
Warmth and Competence
Leader–Follower Relationship Theories: Followers Make Task and Social Leaders
Leader Competence and Group Structure: Leaders Make the Group
Gender and Task Versus Social Dimensions
Leader Warmth and Group Structure: Relationships Make the Group
Member Perception and Group Structure: Followers Make Leaders Revisited
Future Directions
Further Readings
Weber on Charisma
The Background
Two Concepts of Charisma
Further Readings
Wellness
Defining Wellness
History of Wellness
Dimensions of Wellness
Further Readings
White Privilege
Origination of White Privilege in the Western World
Racial Hierarchy
Race as a Social Category
Further Readings
Wicked Problems
Origin and Definition
Critiques
Wicked Problems and Adaptive Leadership
Further Readings
Women and Men as Leaders
The Rise of Women Leaders
Gender Effects on Human Capital
Family Responsibilities
Leadership Styles of Women and Men
The Effectiveness of Female and Male Leaders
Gender Stereotypes and Discrimination
Organizational Culture
Women Navigate the Labyrinth
Further Readings
Women's Movement
Waves of Women's Movements
The First Wave: Suffragettes
The Second Wave: Women's Liberationists
The Third Wave: Feminist Organizations
The Fourth Wave: Hashtag Feminisms
Further Readings
Women's Values
Values in Leadership
Defining and Living One's Values
Women Leaders Who Live Their Values
Further Readings
Workplace Democracy
The Organization and Economics of Workplace Democracy
Normative Perspectives on Workplace Democracy
Leadership and Democratic Workplaces
Further Readings
Wrongful Convictions
Pervasiveness of Wrongful Convictions
Causes of Wrongful Convictions
Further Readings
Index