The Safe Use of Cryogenic Technologies: A handbook for best practice and training

PRELIMS.pdf
Preface
Author biography
Robert Done
CH001.pdf
Chapter 1 Introduction to general health and safety
1.1 The beginnings of cryogenics
1.2 Cultural perceptions of cryogenics technology
1.3 Health and safety principles
1.3.1 Moral
1.3.2 Legal
1.3.3 Financial
1.4 The importance of safety when using cryogenic technology
1.5 Safety management systems
1.5.1 Policy
1.5.2 Organisation
1.5.3 Planning and implementation
1.5.4 Measuring performance
1.5.5 Reviewing performance
1.5.6 Auditing
1.5.7 Legislation
1.6 United Kingdom health and safety legislation
1.7 United States of America health and safety legislation
1.8 The European Union health and safety legislation
1.9 Cryogenic temperatures placed in perspective
1.9.1 Temperature
1.9.2 Temperature scales
1.9.3 Fahrenheit scale
1.9.4 Celsius scale
1.9.5 Kelvin scale
1.10 Cryogenics put in temperature context
1.10.1 The boiling point of water
1.10.2 Hottest temperature on Earth
1.10.3 Hyperthermia
1.10.4 Normal human body temperature
1.10.5 Hypothermia
1.10.6 Freezing point of water
1.10.7 Coldest temperature of earth
1.10.8 Boiling point of liquefied natural gas
1.10.9 Absolute zero
1.10.10 Cryogenic temperature range
1.11 Humans and cryogenic technology
Introduction to health and safety—summary
References
CH002.pdf
Chapter 2 Relevant safety legislation
2.1 General health and safety law
2.2 General workplace law in the United Kingdom
2.2.1 The Health and Safety at Work Act—1974
2.2.2 The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations—1999
2.3 General workplace law in the United States of America
2.3.1 Occupational Safety and Health Act—1970
2.4 General workplace law in the European Union
2.4.1 The Safety and Health at Work Directive—1989 (Directive 89/391/EEC)
Relevant safety legislation—summary
References
CH003.pdf
Chapter 3 Relevant cryogenic safety legislation in the United Kingdom
3.1 The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations (PUWER)—1998 [1]
3.2 The Pressure Equipment Regulations (PER)—1999 [3]
3.3 The Pressure Systems Safety Regulations (PSSR)—2000 [5]
3.4 The Confined Space Regulations—1997 [6]
3.5 The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH)—2002 [7]
3.5.1 Absorption
3.5.2 Ingestion
3.5.3 Injection
3.5.4 Inhalation
3.6 Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations—1992 [16]
3.7 The Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations (DSEAR)—2002 [19]
3.8 The Manual Handling Operations Regulations (MHOR)—1992 [21]
3.9 The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (LOLER)—1998 [23]
3.10 The regulations for transporting dangerous goods by air, sea, inland waterways, road and rail transport
3.10.1 The Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road Regulations—1996 [29]
3.10.2 The Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail Regulations—1994 [35]
3.10.3 The Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Inland Waterway Regulations [43]
3.10.4 The Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Sea Regulations [59]
3.10.5 The Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Air Regulations [69]
3.10.6 Radiation screening at ports and airports
3.11 The Working at Height Regulations—2005 [80]
3.12 The Control of Electromagnetic Fields at Work Regulations—2016 (CEMFAW) [83]
3.13 Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations (COMAH)—2015 [90]
3.14 The Dangerous Substances (Notification and Marking of Sites) Regulations (NAMOS)—2013 [97]
3.15 Planning permission [103]
3.16 Approved Codes of Practice (ACOPS) [110]
3.17 Related hazards
3.18 Associated safety organisations in the United Kingdom
3.18.1 General
3.18.2 British Standards Institution [118]
3.18.3 The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA) awards [122]
3.18.4 The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) [124]
3.18.5 Public Health Agencies in the United Kingdom [126]
3.18.6 The United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS) [134]
3.18.7 The United Kingdom UKCA Mark [135]
Relevant cryogenic safety legislation in the United Kingdom—summary
References
CH004.pdf
Chapter 4 Relevant cryogenic safety legislation in the United States of America
4.1 The United States of America safety legislation
4.2 The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) [6]
4.3 The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)—2019 [11]
4.3.1 Code of Federal Regulations—Title 14—Aeronautics and Space [13]
4.3.2 Code of Federal Regulations—Title 16—Commercial Practices [15]
4.3.3 Code of Federal Regulations—Title 23—Highways [18]
4.3.4 Code of Federal Regulations—Title 29—Labour [24]
4.3.5 Code of Federal Regulations—Title 33—Navigation and Navigable Waters [30]
4.3.6 Code of Federal Regulations—Title 49—Transportation [40]
4.4 General product safety in the United States of America
4.4.1 The health and body group
4.4.2 The vehicle and vehicle related products group
4.4.3 The hazard, safety and firearms group
4.4.4 The other products group
4.5 Associated safety organisations in the United States of America
4.5.1 General
4.5.2 The American Association of Safety Councils [59]
4.5.3 The American Society of Safety Professionals (ASSP) [60]
4.5.4 The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
4.5.5 The National Safety Council (NSC) [65]
4.5.6 The Chemical Safety Board (CSB) [70]
4.5.7 Health protection in the United States of America
4.5.8 The America Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) [83]
4.5.9 The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors (NBBI) [86]
4.5.10 Planning Permission or Development Approval [91]
Relevant cryogenic safety legislation in the United States of America—summary
References
CH005.pdf
Chapter 5 Relevant cryogenic safety legislation in the European Union
5.1 The European Union safety legislation
5.2 Directive 2009/104/EC—Use of Work Equipment [9]
5.3 Directive 2014/68/EU—Pressure Equipment [10]
5.4 Directive 2014/29/EU—Simple Pressure Vessels [12]
5.5 Directive 2010/35/EU—Transportable Pressure Equipment [15]
5.6 Directive 2008/68/EC—Inland Transport of Dangerous Goods [18]
5.6.1 Transport of dangerous goods by road
5.6.2 Transport of dangerous goods by rail
5.6.3 Transport of dangerous goods by inland waterways
5.6.4 Transport of dangerous goods by sea
5.6.5 Transport of dangerous goods by air
5.7 Directive 2006/42/EC—New Machinery Directive [50]
5.8 Directive 99/92/EC—Risks from Explosive Atmospheres [53]
5.9 Directive 2014/34/EU—Equipment and Protective Systems Intended for Use in Potentially Explosive Atmospheres
5.10 Directive 92/58/EEC—Safety and/or Health Signs [58]
5.11 Directive 89/656/EEC—Use of Personal Protective Equipment [59]
5.12 Directive 89/654/EEC—Workplace Requirements [61]
5.13 Directive 98/24/EC—Risks Related to Chemical Agents at Work [62]
5.14 Directive 2019/1831—Indicative Occupational Exposure Limit Values [67]
5.15 Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008—Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures [69]
5.16 Directive 2013/35/EU—Electromagnetic Fields [71]
5.17 Directive 90/269/EEC—Manual Handling of Loads [73]
5.18 Directive 2012/18/EU—The Control of Major-accident Hazards Involving Dangerous Substances [74]
5.19 European Union safety guidelines
5.19.1 Health and safety at work is everybody’s business—practical guidance for employers [82]
5.19.2 Guidance on risk assessment at work (Directive 89/391/EEC) [84]
5.19.3 Guidance on the application of the essential health and safety requirements on ergonomics [86]
5.19.4 Guidance on the application of the Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC [88]
5.19.5 Non-binding guide to good practice for implementing Directive 2001/45/EC (work at height) [91]
5.19.6 Guidelines to Directive 2014/34/EU (ATEX) [92]
5.19.7 Non-binding guide to good practice for implementing Directive 99/92/EC—Risks from Explosive Atmospheres (ATEX) [94]
5.19.8 Minimising chemical risk to workers’ health and safety through substitution [97]
5.19.9 ECHA guidance on reach [98]
5.19.10 ECHA guidance on CLP [102]
5.19.11 Practical guidelines of a non-binding nature on the protection of the health and safety of workers from the risk related to chemical agents at work [105]
5.19.12 Non-binding guide to good practice for implementing Directive 2013/35/EU—Electromagnetic Fields [110]
5.20 European Union planning permission [114]
5.21 European Standards
5.22 National legislation on safety and health at work
5.23 CE marking [126]
5.23.1 Undertaking the conformity assessment [130]
5.23.2 Produce a Technical File associated with the product [133]
5.23.3 Issue a Declaration of Conformity [134]
5.23.4 Place the CE marking [137] on the product
5.24 European Association for injury prevention and safety promotion (EuroSafe) [139]
Relevant cryogenic safety legislation in the European Union—summary
References
CH006.pdf
Chapter 6 Relevant international safety and health organisations
6.1 General
6.2 Intergovernmental international organisations
6.2.1 The United Nations Economic and Social Council [9]
6.2.2 International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) [11]
6.2.3 International Labour Organisation (ILO) [18]
6.2.4 International Maritime Organisation (IMO) [20]
6.2.5 World Health Organisation (WHO) [22]
6.2.6 The International Network of Safety and Health Professional Organisation (INSHPO) [23]
6.2.7 The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) [27]
6.2.8 The European Union [28]
6.2.9 The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) [34] and The United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) [35]
6.3 Non-governmental international organisations
6.3.1 The International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH) [38]
6.3.2 The International Social Security Association (ISSA) [40]
6.3.3 The International Association of Labour Inspection (IALI) [41]
6.3.4 The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) [42]
6.3.5 The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) [44]
Relevant international safety and health organisations—summary
References
CH007.pdf
Chapter 7 Cryogenic hazards
7.1 General
7.2 Identifying hazards
7.2.1 Premises
7.2.2 Plant and substances
7.2.3 Procedures
7.2.4 People
7.3 Specific hazards associated with cryogenic technology
7.3.1 Pressure build-up
7.3.2 Expansion ratio
7.3.3 Hot burns
7.3.4 Cold contact burns
7.3.5 Frostbite
7.3.6 Hypothermia
7.3.7 Toxicity
7.3.8 Embrittlement of materials
7.3.9 Material stresses
7.3.10 Contraction of materials
7.3.11 Liquid cryogens
7.3.12 Liquid nitrogen [16]
7.3.13 Liquid helium [16]
7.3.14 Liquid hydrogen [16]
7.3.15 Liquid oxygen [16]
7.3.16 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) [50]
7.3.17 Liquid argon [16]
7.3.18 Liquid neon [16]
7.3.19 Liquid fluorine [16]
7.3.20 Liquid carbon dioxide [16]
7.3.21 Superfluidity [16]
7.3.22 Ice formation [57]
7.3.23 Manual handling and ergonomics [58]
7.3.24 Low viscosity [60]
7.3.25 Oxygen enrichment [16]
7.3.26 Physiological effects [17]
7.3.27 Explosion due to pressure
7.3.28 Explosion due to chemical reactions
7.3.29 Explosion due to ionising radiation
7.3.30 Fire
7.3.31 Combustibles storage
7.3.32 Cryo-pumping
7.3.33 Decanting
7.3.34 Spillage during decanting
7.3.35 General handling of cryogenic materials
7.3.36 Cryogenic liquid transport
7.3.37 Vehicular transportation of cryogenic materials
7.3.38 Disposal of liquid cryogens
7.3.39 The human factor
Cryogenic hazards—summary
References
CH008.pdf
Chapter 8 Controlling cryogenic hazards
8.1 General
8.1.1 Eliminate the hazard
8.1.2 Substituting the hazard
8.1.3 Combating the risks at source
8.1.4 Reducing the risk by applying safe systems of work, training and supervision
8.1.5 Reducing the risk by using personal protective equipment (PPE)
8.2 Maintaining and monitoring the risk controls
8.2.1 Workplace or housekeeping inspections
8.2.2 Behavioural or activity audits
8.2.3 Equipment inspections
8.2.4 Health surveillance
8.3 Recording risk assessments
8.4 Reviewing the risk assessments
Controlling cryogenic hazards—summary
References
CH009.pdf
Chapter 9 Asphyxiation hazards
9.1 Asphyxiation hazards general
9.2 Oxygen
9.3 Causes of oxygen depleted atmospheres
9.3.1 Evaporation of liquefied gas
9.3.2 Confined spaces
9.3.3 Inadequate ventilation
9.3.4 Spills from open Dewars
9.3.5 Leaks from pipework
9.3.6 Poorly connected hoses
9.3.7 Valves left open
9.3.8 Venting from relief valves or bursting discs
9.3.9 Discharges routed through a confined space (basements, closed laboratories or drainage systems)
9.4 Ventilation
9.5 Risk assessment
9.5.1 Normal evaporation of cryogens
9.5.2 Sudden release of cryogens from a storage vessel
Asphyxiation hazards—summary
References
CH010.pdf
Chapter 10 Case studies
10.1 Worked examples
10.1.1 Case study 1
10.1.2 Case study 2
CH011.pdf
Chapter 11 Conclusion