This book explores running in a broad range of sport disciplines, providing a full spectrum coverage on this extremely important and commonly diffused activity.
The volume opens with basic information, such as biomechanics, physiology, training principles, nutrition and then presents discipline-specific aspects of running in several individual and team sports. Each chapter is structured organically to offer a uniform and thorough information. For each sport, the authors examine biomechanical, physiological and training specificities as well as injury epidemiology and preventive measures.
Filling a gap in literature, this book appeals not only to sports physicians, orthopaedic surgeons, trainers, coaches, fellows, and researchers but also to athletes in the various disciplines. Written in collaboration with ESSKA, it provides a useful toolkit to those readers interested in the state-of the-art update on the running athlete.
Author(s): Gian Luigi Canata, Henrique Jones, Werner Krutsch, Patricia Thoreux, Alberto Vascellari
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 267
City: Cham
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Contents
Introduction
Part I: General Aspects
1: Biomechanics of Running
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Definition of Biomechanics
1.1.2 Musculoskeletal System: Passive and Active Structures
1.1.3 Duties of Biomechanics
1.1.4 Running Biomechanical Analysis
1.2 Brief History of Biomechanical Analysis
1.3 Inside the Lab: Three-Dimensional Biomechanical Analysis of Running
1.3.1 Kinematics
1.3.2 Kinetics
1.3.3 Temporospatial
1.4 Outside the Lab: Wearables and New Technologies
1.4.1 Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs)
1.4.2 Pressure Insoles
1.4.3 Smartphone Apps
1.5 New Analysis Methods and Future Areas of Research
1.5.1 Finite Element Analysis
1.5.2 Machine Learning
1.6 Conclusions
References
2: Physiology of Running: Sprint and Short Distances
2.1 Introduction
2.2 What Are the Main Energy Source of Sprint Running?
2.3 What Is the Part of Energy in the Determinants of Sprint Running Performance?
2.4 What Is the Energy Cost of Sprint Running?
2.5 Conclusions
References
3: Training Principles
3.1 Training Concept
3.2 Changes Induced by Training
3.3 Training Methods and Physiological Effects Related
3.3.1 Aerobic Endurance Training
3.3.2 Aerobic Power Training
3.3.2.1 Lactacid Resistance Training
3.3.2.2 Lactacid Capacity Training
3.3.2.3 Lactacid Power Training
3.3.3 Speed Training
3.3.4 Resistance Training Using Uphill Running
3.3.5 Hill Running as a Training Strategy
References
4: Nutrition for Track Running and Ultra-Running: Practical Recommendations
4.1 Nutrition Requirements in Track Running
4.2 Nutrition in Ultra-Running
4.3 The Preparation
4.3.1 Seven Days Before the Race: Saturating Muscle Glycogen Stores
4.4 The Race
4.4.1 Two Goals: (1) Facilitate Athletic Performance and (2) Prevent or Limiting Gut Problems During the Race
4.4.2 Why to Adopt a Hydration Strategy?
4.4.3 How to Measure Out the Exercise Drink’s Powder?
4.5 The Recovery
4.5.1 Two Goals: (1) Countering the Effects of Dehydration. (2) Fill the Glycogen Stores Emptied by the Effort of the Race
References
5: Age and Running: Children and Adolescents, Elder People
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Role of Aerobic Metabolism in Running
5.3 Running Performance at the Age Range
5.4 Children and Adolescents
5.5 Elderly Runner
5.6 Biomechanical Changes of Aging in Running Performance
5.7 “Forrest Gump Runner’s Behavior” Syndrome [1]
5.7.1 An Irrational Impulse for Body Performance or Aesthetics
5.7.2 Injury and Prevention
References
6: Sex Differences Between Women and Men in Running
6.1 Sex Difference in Participation in Running Races
6.2 Performance Difference Between Women and Men
6.3 Age of Peak Running Performance
6.4 Pacing in Running
6.5 Specific Physiological Differences
6.6 Mental Fatigue
6.7 Nutritional Aspects
6.8 Medical Aspects
6.9 The Aspect of Nationality
6.10 Motivational Aspects
References
7: Running and Metabolic Diseases
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Concept of Metabolic Disease
7.2.1 What Is a Metabolic Disorder or Disease?
7.3 Health Benefits of Running. General Aspects
7.4 Cardiometabolic Risk
7.5 Myokines and Exercise: Role of Myokines in the Regulation of Metabolism and Metabolic Health
7.6 Metabolic Syndrome
7.6.1 How Is the Diagnosis Made?
7.7 Benefits of Running in some Metabolic Diseases
7.7.1 Obesity
7.7.2 Dyslipidaemia
7.7.3 Type 2 Diabetes
References
8: Running Activities in Times of COVID-19 Pandemic
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Home Training Due to Home Confinement
8.3 Return to Training and Competition After Home Confinement
8.4 Training and Competition After COVID-19 Infection
8.5 Training and Competition with Mask
8.6 Other Important Measures to Be Taken into Account While Exercising During COVID-19 Pandemic
References
9: Shoes for Running
9.1 Running Shoes: Main Characteristics and Their Evolution
9.1.1 History
9.1.2 Main Technical Characteristics (Fig. 9.2)
9.2 Non-spiked Running Shoes
9.2.1 Road Running
9.2.1.1 Cushioned or Regular Shoes
9.2.1.2 Minimalist Shoes
9.2.1.3 Adherence on the Road
9.2.2 Mountain and Trail Running
9.3 Spiked Running Shoes
9.3.1 Track Running Shoes
9.3.2 Cross Country Shoes
9.3.3 Different Types of Spikes
9.3.4 Spiked Shoes to Run… and Jump
9.4 Running Shoes and Injuries
9.5 Running Shoes and Performance
9.5.1 World Records
9.5.2 What Science Says
9.6 Running Shoe Rules
9.7 Running and Foot Orthosis
9.7.1 Running Economy and Performance
9.7.2 Patellofemoral Pain
9.7.3 Other Pathologies
9.8 Trends and Perspectives
9.8.1 The Technological Path
9.8.2 The (Almost) Self-sufficient Path
References
10: Wearable Tech for Long-Distance Runners
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Heart Rate Monitors
10.3 Running Parameters
10.4 Other Physiological Parameters
10.4.1 Respiratory Rate
10.4.2 Electrodermal Activity and Sweat
10.4.3 Glucose
10.5 Environmental Parameters
10.6 Smartphone Apps
10.7 Future Trends
10.7.1 Transcutaneous Partial Pressure of CO2
10.7.2 Environmental Pollution and Air Quality
10.8 Conclusions
References
11: Return to Running After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Demands of Running
11.3 Criteria to Return to Running After ACLR
11.3.1 Joint Homeostasis
11.3.2 Knee Mobility
11.3.3 Gait Biomechanics
11.3.4 Strength
11.3.5 Functional Outcomes
11.4 Return to Running Progression
11.4.1 Pain (Knee Homeostasis): Absent or Minimal Pain on a Numerical Rating Scale (NRS)
11.4.2 Effusion (Knee Homeostasis): Zero or Trace Effusion [4] with Minimal Activity Related Effusion (<1 cm Change Patella)
11.4.3 Knee Extension and Flexion (Mobility): Straight Knee (0°) or Equal to the Other Side and Knee Flexion ≥120°/130°
11.4.4 Walking Biomechanics: Walking on a Treadmill for At Least 10 min Without Pain or Swelling [12] and With Optimal Biomechanics
11.4.5 Quadriceps Muscle Strength: Limb Symmetry Index (LSI) >70% on Isokinetic/Isometric Test for Quadriceps Strength [4, 5]
11.4.6 Hamstrings Muscle Strength: Limb Symmetry Index (LSI) >70% on Isokinetic/Isometric Test for Hamstrings Strength [4, 5]
11.4.7 Calf Strength and Capacity: Greater than 20 Reps and Within 5 Repetitions Versus the Other Side [4]
11.4.8 Glutes Strength and Capacity: Greater than 20 Reps and Within 5 Repetitions Versus the Other Side [4]
11.4.9 Movement Quality: Good Single Leg Squat Movement Assessment
11.4.10 Lumbo-Pelvic, Trunk and Core Stability
11.5 Conclusions
References
Part II: Specific Aspects
12: Athletics Running Disciplines
12.1 Role and Characteristics of Running in Athletics
12.2 Sprint and Short-Distance Running
12.2.1 Technical Aspects
12.2.2 Distribution of the Effort
12.2.2.1 100 m
12.2.2.2 200 m
12.2.2.3 400 m
12.2.3 Speed Training
12.2.4 Common and Uncommon Injuries in Sprint
12.3 Middle- and Long-Distance Running
12.3.1 Specific Considerations About Endurance and Fatigue
12.3.2 Middle Distances on Track (800 m–1500 m)
12.3.3 Long Distances on Track (5000 m–10,000 m–3000 m Steeple)
12.3.4 Marathon Training
12.3.5 Common and Uncommon Injuries in Middle-Long-Distance Running
12.3.6 Prevention Strategies
12.4 Conclusions
References
13: Running in Football
13.1 Role and Characteristics of Running in Football
13.1.1 History of Football
13.1.2 Physiological Demands on Players
13.1.3 Run Performance Analysis with GPS
13.1.4 Gait Analysis
13.1.5 Statistical Data of Running in Football
13.2 Training Strategies
13.3 Prevention Strategies
References
14: Running in Rugby
14.1 Characteristics of the Sport
14.2 Match, Field of Play and Team Characteristics
14.3 Role and Characteristics of Running in Rugby
14.3.1 Rugby Union
14.3.1.1 Running Patterns Between Positions
14.3.1.2 Running Patterns within Phases of Play
14.3.1.3 Running Patterns of Officials
14.3.2 Rugby League
14.3.2.1 Running Patterns Between Positions
14.4 Sevens
14.5 Training and Prevention Strategies
14.6 Summary
References
15: Running in Gymnastics
15.1 Role and Characteristics of Running in Gymnastics
15.2 Running Phases in Gymnastics
15.2.1 Amortization Phase (Stabilization): Initial Contact (Stance Phase)
15.2.2 Mid Stance Phase
15.2.3 Toe Off Phase
15.3 Characteristics of Main Injuries
15.3.1 Achilles Tendinopathy
15.3.2 Patello-Femoral Syndrome (PFS)
15.4 Training Strategies
References
16: Running in Tumbling
16.1 History of Tumbling [1]
16.2 Role and Characteristics of Running in Tumbling
16.3 Training Strategies
16.4 Types of Tumbling Moves
16.4.1 Flick
16.4.2 Whip Back
16.4.3 Mid Routine Doubles
16.4.4 Final Skill
16.5 Basic Skill to Begin Gymnastics as an Activity (Basic Tumbling Moves)
16.5.1 Roll
16.5.2 Pencil and Log Rolls
16.5.3 Forward Roll
16.5.4 Backward Roll
16.5.5 Cartwheel
16.5.6 Round Off
16.5.7 Bridge
16.6 Other Move Options
16.6.1 Straddle Jump
16.6.2 Front Pike Roll (Somersault)
16.6.3 Gymnastic Injuries
16.7 Prevention Strategies
References
17: Running in Basketball
17.1 Roles and Characteristics of Running in Basketball
17.1.1 Movements in Basketball
17.1.2 Activity and Physiological Demand in Basketball
17.1.2.1 Generalities
17.1.2.2 Physical Attributes
17.1.2.3 Distance Covered
17.1.2.4 Number and Frequency of Actions
17.1.2.5 Activity Duration
17.1.2.6 Heart Rate (HR)
17.1.3 Specificities of 3v3 Basketball
17.2 Training Strategies
17.3 Prevention Strategies
References
18: Running in Tennis
18.1 Role and Characteristics of Running in Tennis
18.2 Training Strategies: Technical Aspect
18.2.1 Starting Position (Split Step)
18.2.2 Lateral Movement Towards the Ball Over Short Distances
18.2.3 Lateral Movement Towards Angled Balls
18.2.4 The Drop Shot and the Lob: Recovering a Ball by Sprinting Forward or Backward
18.2.5 Inside-out Forehand: Movement Towards the Ball
18.2.6 Forward and Backward Movement Towards the Ball within 3 m
18.2.7 Recovery of the Position
18.3 Prevention Strategies
References
19: Running in Paddle
19.1 Characteristics of Running in Paddle
19.2 Training Strategies
19.3 Most Frequent Injuries
19.4 Prevention Strategies
References
20: Running in Volleyball
20.1 Role and Characteristics of Running in Volleyball
20.2 Specificities of Running in Beach Volleyball
20.3 Training Strategies
20.4 Injuries in Volleyball
20.5 Injuries in Beach Volley
20.6 Prevention Strategies
20.7 Specificities of Prevention Strategies in Beach Volleyball
References
21: Running in Handball
21.1 Role and Characteristics of Running in Handball and Beach Handball
21.2 Training Strategies
21.3 Prevention Strategies for Handball and Beach Handball
References
22: Trail Running
22.1 Role and Characteristics of Trail Running
22.1.1 Trail Running Equipment: What Athletes Need to Run?
22.2 Training Strategies
22.3 Prevention Strategies
22.4 Conclusions
References
23: Running in Ironman Triathlon
23.1 Preparation for an Ironman Triathlon
23.2 The Aspect of Anthropometry
23.3 Personal Best Marathon Time
23.4 Injuries and Preventive Measures Before and During an Ironman Triathlon
23.5 Metabolic Changes
23.6 Musculoskeletal Changes
23.6.1 Fact Box
References
24: Running in Parkour
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Role and Characteristics of Running in Parkour
24.2.1 Characteristics of the Sport in Terms of Performance
24.2.2 The Role of Running in Parkour
24.2.3 Running Training in Parkour
24.2.4 Physiological Characteristics of the Sport
24.2.5 Training Strategies
24.2.6 Programming in Parkour
24.2.7 Prevention Strategies
24.3 Conclusions
References
25: Running in Field hockey
25.1 Characteristics of the Sport
25.2 Physiological and Biomechanical Demands
25.3 Running Demands for Different Playing Positions
25.4 Epidemiology and Etiology of Injuries
25.4.1 Epidemiology
25.4.2 Etiology
25.5 Training Strategies
25.6 Medical Team Support
25.7 Specific Rehab and Return to Play
25.8 Prevention Strategies
References
26: Running in Cycling
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Pathophysiology and Biomechanics
26.3 Benefits of Running for Cyclists
26.3.1 Bone Density
26.3.2 Increased Cardiovascular, Muscular Strength, and Exercise Tolerance
26.3.3 Psychological Benefits
26.4 Negative Impact of Running on Cyclists
26.5 Running in Different Modes of Cycling
26.5.1 Running for a Road Cyclist
26.5.2 Running for a Mountain Bike Rider
26.5.3 Running for a Cyclo-Cross Rider
References
27: Running in Alpine Skiing
27.1 Characteristics of Running and Its Role in Alpine Skiing
27.2 Training Strategies
27.3 Prevention Strategies
27.3.1 Injury and Injury Patterns in Alpine Skiing
27.3.2 Running as a Prevention Tool in Alpine Skiing
27.3.2.1 Interval Training and Long-Distance Run
27.3.2.2 Off-Road Running
27.4 Conclusion for Practice
References
28: Running in Kiteboarding
28.1 Introduction
28.2 The Sport and the Equipment
28.2.1 Equipment
28.2.2 Styles and Disciplines
28.3 Role and Characteristics of Running in Kiteboarding
28.3.1 Physiological Demands of Kiteboarding
28.3.1.1 Course Racing
28.3.1.2 Freestyle
28.3.2 Main Objectives of Athletic Training
28.3.3 The Role of Running in Training for Kiteboarding
28.4 Training Strategies
28.4.1 Training Strategies for Beginners and Amateurs
28.4.2 Training Strategies for Agonists
28.5 Prevention Strategies
28.6 Conclusions
References
29: Running in Sailing
29.1 Role and Characteristics of Running in Sailing
29.1.1 Evolution of Physical Performance in Sailing
29.1.2 The Role of Running in Sailing
29.1.3 Running for Beginners and Amateurs
29.1.4 Olympic Classes
29.2 Training Strategies
29.2.1 Periodisation
29.2.2 Training Strategies in Olympic Classes
29.2.2.1 49er Class
29.2.2.2 RSX Sailboards
29.2.2.3 Laser, Finn and 470
29.2.3 Training Strategies to Achieve the Ideal BMI
29.2.4 Training Strategies in Rehabilitation
29.2.5 Training Strategies in the America’s Cup
29.2.6 Training Strategies in Offshore Sailing
29.3 Prevention Strategies
29.4 Conclusions
References
30: Running in Rowing
30.1 Role and Characteristics of Running in Rowers
30.2 Training Strategies
30.3 Prevention Strategies
References
31: Running in Space
31.1 Role and Characteristics of Running in Space
31.2 Training Strategies
31.3 Prevention Strategies
References
