The Routledge History of Police Brutality in America

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Tables
Figures
Introduction
Notes
Section 1: Police Brutality and Race Before World War II
1. Slavery and the Transformation of Southern Policing
Notes
2. Policing in Gilded Age Urban Hubs
The Gilded Age
The Establishment of Big-City Police Departments
Policing in the Modern Era
Concluding Thoughts
Notes
3. Mob Brutality in Robert Charles's New Orleans
Notes
4. Urban Policing and Race Riots in the Era of World War I and the Red Summer
Policing the Black Communities of the Great Migration
Urban Police and Black Soldiers During World War I
The Red Summer of 1919 in Washington and Chicago
After the Red Summer
Notes
5. "Killers Who Hide Behind Badges": Race and Police Brutality in the Jim Crow South
Notes
Section 2: Police Brutality and Unionism in the United States
6. Policing the Nineteenth-Century American Labor Movement
Notes
7. Police Unions and Violence in the twentieth Century United States
Notes
Section 3: Police Brutality and Race After World War II
8. The Policing of Black Resistance in World War II
Surveilling Resistance
Alexandria, January 1942
Detroit, June 1943
Harlem, August 1943
At the Summer's End
Notes
9. American Policing and the Struggle for Black Civic Rights
Introduction: The War on Black Civic Rights
Civic Rights Distinguished from Civil Rights, Natural Rights, and National Rights
Policing Black Civic Engagement
The Streets
Parks and Recreation
Schools
Conclusion
Notes
10. Walking the Tightrope of Self-Defense: Imagery, Rhetoric, and Commemoration of the Black Panther Party
Origins of Self-Defense
The Panther Image and Approach to Self-Defense
The Case of Bobby Hutton: Understanding Panther Politics through Death
Redefining Victimhood
Notes
11. "I Don't Mind Dying": Police Violence, Resistance, and the Urban Uprisings of the 1960s
Police and Enforcing Racial Order in Post-War Cities
Urban Uprising as Anti-Police Protest
Vietnam Here: Police Riot and Retaliatory Violence
Year of the Cop: Victimization and Expanded Authority
Conclusion
Notes
Section 4: Police Brutality Against Immigrant and Ethnic Groups
12. Vigilante Policing in Asian American Communities in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Notes
13. Latinx Populations and Policing
Conquest
Labor
Youth
War
Notes
14. Islamophobia: Supplement for Anti-Black Racism and Policing
Islamophobia in the Service of White Supremacy
Islamophobia And Surveillance
Equating Black Identity Extremists As Muslim
Islamophobia As Supplement For Anti-black Racism: A History
Patterns: Islamophobia and the Anti-black Mukhabarat State
Notes
15. From A. Mitchell Palmer to Joe McCarthy: Police Brutality in the Fight Against Communism
A Tradition for Police Brutality: Anarchism and Syndicalism
Preparing for the Palmer Raids
"The New Type of Aggressiveness"
"Violence Toward Any Aliens Should be Scrupulously Avoided"
"These Splendid Men, These Real Americans"
The Police Unleashed
The FBI Raids in Detroit 1940
"Whitewashing" the FBI
The End of Police Brutality
Notes
Section 5: Police Brutality and Protest in the Era of Vietnam
16. Behind the Billy Club: Chicago Police and the Violence at the 1968 Democratic National Convention
Shoot to Kill
The Yippies are Coming
Convention Eve
Convention Week Begins
The Whole World Is Watching
Notes
17. Police Brutality and the Student Movements of the 1960s
Students and the Antiwar Movement
The Black Student Movement
The Chicano Student Movement
Conclusion
Notes
Section 6: The Legal and Legislative History of Police Brutality
18. Police Brutality and The Nonhuman
Notes
19. Brutality at the Bar: The Supreme Court and Police Misconduct
Notes
20. Chasing the Illusion of Police Reform under Capitalism
Introduction
The Origins of Policing
The Evolution of Reform
Federal Interest in Reform
Civilian Review Boards, Community Policing, and Police Unions
Federal Intervention in Policing
Reforming the Los Angeles Police Department
The Board of Police Commissioners: Civilian Oversight
Oversight and Racism
Watts and the McCone Commission
Reform Efforts Intensify
Burgeoning Surveillance
Rodney King and the Christopher Commission
The Rampart Scandal and DOJ Oversight
Measuring Change—the Consent Decree and Beyond
Data
Complaints
Complainants by Race/Ethnicity
Serious Disciplinary Allegations
Officer-Involved Shootings (OIS)
Confounding Factors
Demographic Changes
Changes in Arrest Levels
Attitudes Toward the Complaint Process
Vulnerability of Arrestees to Intimidation
Implication of Findings for the Period During and After the Consent Decree
Policy and Practice Changes
High-Tech Surveillance
The Los Angeles Case Study Summed Up
Conclusion
Notes
21. President's Task Force on Twenty-First-Century Policing
Introduction
Description of the Problem or Issue
Literature Review
The 1700s to Mid-1800s in America
The 1900s
The 1960s to the Present
Discussion
Progression Toward Police Militarization
National Defense Authorization Act and 1033 Program
Ferguson, Missouri
Analysis
The Legitimate Need for This Type of Equipment
Effects of Police Militarization on Police Legitimacy and the Citizens Themselves
Task Force on Twenty-first Century Policing Report
Assessment of the Report
Conclusion
Policy and Practice Recommendations
Notes
Section 7: Cultural Representations in Literature, Music, and Film
22. Not Only Compton: Gangster Rap, Policing, and Protest
NWA Made Room
Months Later, It Did
Notes
23. Police Violence in Film from Blaxploitation to New Black Realism
"I Was Born Black and I Was Born Poor"
"Can You Dig It?"
"Sire these Lines are Not Homage to Brutality that the Artist has Invented, but a Hymn from the Mouth of Reality"
"They Want Us to Kill Ourselves"
"Can't Afford to be Afraid of Our Own People Anymore"
"Being a Black Man in America Isn't Easy. The Hunt Is on and You're the Prey."
Conclusion
Notes
24. Police Brutality and the Black Arts Movement
Notes
25. From Dragnet to Brooklyn 99: How Cop Shows Excuse, Exalt, and Erase Police Brutality
Cop Shows and the Construction and Transmission of Law Enforcement Norms
Valorizing Law Enforcement: A Highly Successful Propaganda Effort
Police Violence and Police Brutality
Normalizing and Erasing Police Brutality: From Dragnet to the Golden Age
Component One: Erasing Race
Component Two: Erasing Brutality
Can Cop Shows Do Better?
Notes
Section 8: Alterity and Brutality in the Late-Twentieth Century
26. Policing, The Bar, and Resistance
Notes
27. Anti-Brutality Activism and Neighborhood Anti-Crime Activism During the 1970s
Paramilitary Policing in the 1970s
The Expanding Anti-Police Brutality Movement
The Two-Pronged Approach
Anti-Police Brutality Activism at the Ballot Box
Anti- Police Brutality Activism in the Courts
Electoral Victories, Legal Defeats, and the Fracturing of a Police Reform Coalition
Notes
28. The Multiple Meanings of the ASSAULT ON RODNEY KING: Revisiting Grassroots Discourse After the Los Angeles Rebellion of 1992
The Rise of the Gang Truce Movement
Women's Grassroots Activism: Performing Motherhood
A New Form of Theatre: Anna Deavere Smith's Twilight Los Angeles 1992
Conclusion
Notes
29. Police Brutality in 1990s New York City: The Scars of Zero Tolerance and Community Struggles for Justice
Giuliani Time
The Cases that Shook the City
Police Violence Against Black Women, Women of Color, and LGBTQiA+ People of Color
Baez, Rosario, Vega, Huang
Louima
Diallo
Conclusion
Notes
30. Enacting and Enabling Violence: Policing Indigenous Communities
Policing the Colonial Project
Police Killing of Indigenous People
Police Violence against Women and Girls
Policing protests—The Indigenous "Terror Threat"
Under-Policing: Enabling Violence
Protesting Policing: BLM and ILM/NLM
Notes
Section 9: Police Brutality in the Twenty-First Century
31. Make Visible: Akua Njeri, Breonna Taylor, and Critical Amplification of Police Brutality
Introduction
Theoretical Framework/Perspectives
Akua Njeri, Breonna Taylor, and the Criminalization of Black Women
Black Women and Trauma in the Media
Methods
Results
Significance
Appendix A: Table of Themes Highlighted in Tweeted Articles
Notes
32. #BlackLivesMatter
"This is not the Civil Rights Movement. This is the Oppressed People's Movement."
Approaches to Protest, Black Feminist Foundations
"To Pimp A Butterfly": Impacts of Decentralized Structure
Conclusion: So Just How Do We "Get Free"?
Notes
33. Smartphones as Technologies of Accountability: Exposing and Investigating Police Brutality Using Smartphone Cameras
Introduction
Section One: Smartphones as Technologies of Accountability
Section Two: Technologies of Accountability in Practice
Eric Garner
George Floyd
Section Three: Complicating the Relationship between Smartphones and Police Accountability
Conclusion
Notes
34. Police Brutality and the Militarization of Policing
Challenging Police Legitimacy
Professionalization
Militarization
Pepper Spray—Between the Baton and the Gun
Tasers—"253,368 Lives Saved"
Flashbang Grenades—Reducing Deadly Force
Conclusion
Notes
Section 10: Conceptual and Pragmatic Issues in Police Brutality
35. To End Police Brutality, We Must End the Police
Introduction
To constitute the Social Order: Theorizing Police Power
Police Abolition Praxis
The Battle for the Social Wage: Campaigns to Defund the Police
'Radical Practicality': Community Control of the Police
Disempower the Police: Building the New World in the Shell of the Old
Police-Free Zones
Transformative Justice
Conclusion
Notes
36. Police Terror as Totality: Reformism and the Ensemble of Counterinsurgency
Introduction: Counterinsurgency and the Limitations of "Police Brutality"
Non-Accounting as Infrastructure of Police Violence
From Police Brutality to Police Terror
Reformism as Counterinsurgency
Case Study UCOP
Conclusion: "Deep Responsibility" as Liberation War
Notes
37. Police Unions: The Police Shield for Abuse and Brutality in America
Introduction
The Political Era
The Reform Era
The Boston Police Strike (1919)
Community Policing Era
Qualified Immunity
Points of View, Pro and Con, Related to Qualified Immunity
Use of Force Legal Cases
Police Officer Bill of Rights
A Juxtaposition of Police v. Civilian Rights
Case Histories—Holding Police Accountable?
Homeland Security Era—Militarization Era
Police Unions—Impressive Influence
Conclusion
Notes
38. All It Takes Is One Block: A Case Study of the History of Police Brutality in Public Health
Introduction
Policing Systems in Public Health
The Block as Evidence
The Block as Ecology
The Block as Extraction
The Systemic Roots of Police Brutality
Background Reading
Note
Index