This volume provides the basis for contemporary privacy and social media research and informs global as well as local initiatives to address issues related to social media privacy through research, policymaking, and education.
Renowned scholars in the fields of communication, psychology, philosophy, informatics, and law look back on the last decade of privacy research and project how the topic will develop in the next decade. The text begins with an overview of key scholarship in online privacy, expands to focus on influential factors shaping privacy perceptions and behaviors – such as culture, gender, and trust – and continues with specific examinations of concerns around vulnerable populations such as children and older adults. It then looks at how privacy is managed and the implications of interacting with artificial intelligence, concluding by discussing feasible solutions to some of the more pressing questions surrounding online privacy.
This handbook will be a valuable resource for advanced students, scholars, and policymakers in the fields of communication studies, digital media studies, psychology, and computer science.
Author(s): Sabine Trepte, Philipp Masur
Series: Routledge Handbooks in Communication Studies
Publisher: Routledge
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 348
City: New York
Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
What Is Privacy
Part 1: Perspectives on Social Media Privacy
1. Definitions of Privacy
Introduction
Seminal Definitions of Privacy
Defining Online Privacy
Defining Privacy for the Social Media Context
Social Media
Defining Privacy in Social Media
Conclusion
References
2. Individualistic Privacy Theories
Control and Agency as Core Assumptions of Individualistic Theories
Individualistic Privacy Theories and Frameworks: Foundations
Individual Decision-Making and Behaviors: Rationality or Bounded Rationality?
Emergent Directions and Extensions in Individualistic Privacy Research
References
3. Privacy Theory - Social, Networked, Relational, Collective
Introduction
Social Privacy - Ego Agents
Social Privacy
Group Privacy
Relational Privacy
Networked Privacy
Collective Privacy
Future Perspectives
References
4. Institutional Perspectives on Privacy
Definitions
Institutional Illiteracy
Edward Snowden and the US National Security Agency
Cambridge Analytica Scandal and Privacy Social Contracts
Governmental Privacy and Chilling Effects
Chilling Effects Research
A Culture of Chilling
References
5. Group Privacy
Conceptualizing Group Privacy
What Makes a Group?
The Right to Group Privacy
Group Privacy Theory
Recent Theoretical Developments
Current and Emerging Empirical Findings
Interpersonal Relationships and Self-Constituted Groups
Understanding Relational and Group Privacy Threats
Collectively Managing Privacy and Coping with Challenges
Privacy Threats Posed by Algorithmically-Determined Groups
Microtargeted Advertising
Trending Topics Analysis
Coping with Inferential Privacy Threats
Conclusion
References
6. A Situational Perspective on Privacy in Social Media
The Theory of Situational Privacy and Self-Disclosure
Situations as Units of Analysis
Pre-Situational, Situational, and Post-Situational Processes
Extensions and Challenges
Stability and Duration
Subjective vs. Objective Situations
Situation (Meta-)Characteristics
Future Perspectives
Theoretical Desiderata
Empirical and Methodological Considerations
Conclusion
Note
References
7. Privacy Calculus: Theory, Studies, and New Perspectives
Privacy Calculus Model
Challenging the Privacy Calculus
Countering the Critique
New Perspectives on Privacy Calculus
Conclusion
Notes
References
8. Online Privacy Cues and Heuristics
Heuristics That Focus on the Benefits of Information Disclosure
Heuristics That Focus on the Risks of Information Disclosure
Designing with Privacy Heuristics
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgment
References
Part 2: Factors Shaping Social Media Privacy
9. Social Media Affordances and Privacy
Affordances
Is Privacy an Affordance of Social Media?
How Might Social Media Afford Privacy?
An Agenda for Studying Privacy and Social Media from an Affordances Lens
Considering Users' Different Goals and Strategies Regarding Social Media and Privacy
Considering How Material Changes in Social Media Relate to Privacy
Considering How Changes in Users and Audiences Relate to Social Media and Privacy
Considering Power and Ethics in the Study of Privacy
Conclusion
References
10. Privacy and Trust
Introduction
What is Trust?
Trust and Online Privacy Behaviors
Functions of Trust
Trust and (Perceived) Control
Trust and the Privacy Calculus
Trust and Social Contract Theory
Levels of Trust
Horizontal and Vertical Trust
Legal Trust
Trust in Collective Privacy
Future Perspectives
References
11. Challenges in Studying Social Media Privacy Literacy
Introduction
From Online Privacy Literacy to Social Media Privacy Literacy
Online Privacy Literacy
Social Media Privacy Literacy
How to Measure Social Media Privacy Literacy?
Empirical Findings
Educational Interventions to Foster Social Media Privacy Literacy
Education or Legislation?
Future Perspectives and Conclusion
Notes
References
12. Privacy Breaches
Introduction
Theoretical Perspectives on Privacy Breaches
Data Breaches, Security Breaches, and Privacy Breaches
Privacy Violations
Privacy Turbulences
Empirical Evidence on Privacy Breaches
Prevalence of Privacy Breaches
Perception of Privacy Breaches - Affects and False Optimism
Effects of Privacy Breaches - Attitudes and Behavior
Concluding Thoughts on Responsibilities for Privacy Breaches
References
13. Privacy Cynicism: Resignation in the Face of Agency Constraints
Introduction
Definitions
Theoretical Foundations
Agency Constraints That Foster Privacy Cynicism
Conclusion: Future Directions
Note
References
14. Intercultural Privacy
Introduction
Key Concepts and Definitions
Literature Review
Related Studies on Intercultural Privacy and Privacy on Social Media
Current Developments and Upcoming Trends
Conclusions and Directions for Future Studies
References
15. Privacy and Gender
Introduction
Theoretical Perspectives on Gender and Privacy
Evolution of the Feminist Perspective on Privacy
Gender and Online Privacy Regulation
Empirical Gender Differences and Similarities in Privacy-Related Outcomes
Online Privacy Concerns
Online Privacy Literacy
Online Privacy Protection Behavior
Online Self-Disclosure
Need for Privacy
Current Gender-Related Issues
The Digital Divide: Persistence of Technology-Related Gender Stereotypes
Gender Identification and Categorization
Future Directions
References
Part 3: Populations and Their Social Media Privacy
16. The Translucent Family: Sharenting and Privacy Negotiations between Children and Parents
Introduction
Families as Micro-Societies
Parents' Sharenting Motives
Adolescents' Reactions
Discussion of Future Directions
References
17. An Intimate Relation: Adolescent Development, Self-Disclosure, and Privacy
Introduction
Adolescents' Development and Privacy Needs
Intimate Disclosures
Discussion and Avenues for Further Research
References
18. Privacy in Later Life
Older Adulthood
Older Adults and Social Technologies
Older Adults and Privacy - Attitudes and Behaviors
Privacy Concerns and Attitudes
Privacy-Protecting Behaviors
The Future of Aging and Privacy
Acknowledgments
References
19. Toward a Better Understanding of Minorities' Privacy in Social Media
Introduction
Beyond Western Approaches to Privacy
Privacy Experiences of Ethno-Religious Minorities in Flanders
Study 1: Muslim Children's Internal and External Group Privacy Struggles
Approach and Research Focus
Main Findings
Study 2: Ethno-Religious Minority Youths and Privacy
Approach and Research Focus
Main Findings
Defining and Investigating Minority Privacy
Treat Privacy as Multi-Layered and Dialectical
Acknowledge the Interconnection between Privacy, Group Culture, and the Dominant Culture
Focus on Playful Subjectivity and the Process of Privacy Management
Conclusion and Future Research
Notes
References
20. Inequalities and Privacy in the Context of Social Media
Introduction
Which Inequalities?
Privacy: What It Is, Its Calculus and — Apparent — Paradoxes
Privacy as a Consequence of Macro- and Micro-Level Inequalities
Macro Level
Disparities in Privacy Regulation and Enforcement
From Regulation to Chilling Effects
Tailored Advertisement, Price Discrimination, and Digital Screening
Micro Level
Age and Cohort Disparities
Gender Inequalities
Education, Income, Race, and Class
"Caring Is Not Enough": Self-Efficacy and Digital Competence as the Strongest Predictors of Privacy
Privacy as a Cause of Macro- and Micro-Level Inequalities
Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Part 4: Algorithms and Privacy
21. Privacy in Interactions with Machines and Intelligent Systems
Introduction
Data Collection by Machines
What Data Is Collected by Machines and Why
Users' Awareness of the Data Collection
The Relevance of Social Cues and Sourcing
Intimacy in Human-Machine Interaction and Its Implications for Privacy
Sexualized Human-Machine Interaction and Its Implications for Privacy
Specific Threats for Children as a Vulnerable Group
Future Directions
References
22. Social Credit System and Privacy
What Is the Social Credit System?
Regulatory Issues of the Government-Run Social Credit System
Privacy Policies of the Chinese Consumer Credit Reporting Companies
The Role of Social Media
Discussion and Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Notes
References
23. Microtargeting, Privacy, and the Need for Regulating Algorithms
The Tension between Microtargeting and Privacy
People Generally Hold Negative Attitudes Toward Microtargeting
Microtargeting Is Not New, but Has Changed Over Time
Regulating Microtargeting in US and EU
Microtargeting Is Continuously Evolving
The Era of Big Data Changed Microtargeting into an Online Affair
European Regulators Efforts to Protect Privacy and Data
Social Platforms Unburden Political Parties
How Does Modern-Day Microtargeting Work?
Google
YouTube
Google Search Advertising
Contextual Targeting
Meta
Dependence on Algorithms
Efforts to Regulate Microtargeting
Conclusion
References
24. Health Data and Privacy
Introduction
Health Data in Online Contexts
Variables Influencing the Intention to Use Health Apps
Theoretical Approaches to Health Data and Privacy in Social Media
Current Developments and Implications
Sharing Health Data for the Benefit of Society
The Crux for Health Apps
Implications of Health Data Use and Privacy Perceptions on Social Media
Future Directions
Note
References
Part 5: Solutions to Preserve Social Media Privacy
25. Nudges (and Deceptive Patterns) for Privacy: Six Years Later
The Evolving Literature on Privacy Behavioral Hurdles
Is Privacy Decision Making (Ir)rational?
The Paradox of the Privacy Paradox
Nudges and Behavioral Interventions
The Historical Roots of Dark Patterns: A New Term for an Old Phenomenon
Are Privacy Nudges Effective?
What Is Next for Research on Privacy Nudges?
Notes
References
26. Communicating Information Security
Introduction
Background
Awareness
Risk and Risk Perception
Users' Intention, Attitude, and Behavior
Other Antecedents of Security Behavior
Overcoming Communication Barriers
Negative Attitudes towards Information Security
Cognitive Biases and Heuristics
Cultural Issues
Security Fatigue and Usable Security
Theoretical Approaches
Communicating Information Security in Practice
Information Security Communication for Corporate Users
Information Security Communication for Individual Users
Information Security Communication for Organizations
Towards a Unified Framework for Security Communication
Future Directions
Notes
References
27. From Procedural Rights to Political Economy: New Horizons for Regulating Online Privacy
Introduction
Shift 1: The Structural Turn
Shift 2: Privacy's Political Economy
Shift 3: The Digital Public Sphere
Conclusion
Notes
References
28. Regulating Privacy on Online Social Networks
Regulation
Privacy as a Mandate to the Law - Law as a Mechanism for protecting Privacy
Regulation between Privacy Protection and other Legal Interests
Directions of Privacy Protection
Regulatory Actors
Regulatory Models
Summary
References
29. Consumer Privacy and Data Protection in the EU
Introduction
Normative Foundations
Data Practices of Social Media and Risks to Individuals
Key Concepts of Data Protection
Obligations of Controllers
Joint Controllership
Lawfulness
Targeting and Profiling
Current Developments
Deception by Design
Automated Algorithmic Analysis of Social Media Posts
Sharing as the Default
Lock-In Effects
Future Directions
Note
References
30. The Role of Participants in Online Privacy Research: Ethical and Practical Considerations
Introduction
From Online Privacy to Research Ethics
Research Design and Data
Concepts for Participation and Informed Consent
Data Donation
Data Exploration and Citizen Science
Debriefing and Opting Out
Concepts for Data Privacy and Transparency
Measures for Protecting Data Privacy
Data Sharing
Summary and Future Directions
References
Index
