The Routledge Handbook of Language and Persuasion

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
List of contributors
Rhetoric, Linguistics, and the Study of Persuasion: An Overview and an Introduction1
I.1 Chapter Overview
I.2 Historical Roots
I.3 The Basics of Grammar
I.3.1 The Sign
I.3.2 Levels of Analysis
I.3.3 Pragmatics, Sociolinguistics, and Discourse Analysis
I.3.4 Cognitive Linguistics
I.4 The Basics of Rhetoric
I.4.1 The Rhetorical Genres
I.4.2 Three Appeals
I.4.2.1 Ethos
I.4.2.2 Pathos
I.4.2.3 Logos
I.4.3 The Five Canons of Rhetoric
I.4.3.1 Invention
Issue Identification: Stases and Theses
Topoi
I.4.3.2 Units of Delivery and Arrangement
I.4.3.3 Memory
I.4.3.4 Style
Criteria for Judgment and Standards of Composition
Accommodation and Levels of Style
Figures
Prosody and Pace
I.5 New Directions and Enduring Questions
I.5.1 Designing Studies of Persuasive Language
I.5.2 New Methods of Analysis under Development
I.5.3 Enduring Questions
Notes
Works Cited
Part I: Basic Constituents of Rhetorical Persuasion
Chapter 1: Patterns of Argument: Aristotelian Topoi and Argumentation Schemes
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Aristotle’s Topoi
1.3 Contemporary Argumentation Theory
1.4 The Rhetorical Power of Argumentation Schemes
1.5 Conclusion
Notes
Works Cited
Chapter 2: A Reason to Feel: Rhetorical Style and Pathotic Enthymemes in Political Discourse
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Appeals and Emotions
2.3 The Pathotic Enthymeme
2.4 Frame Metonymy
2.5 Pathotic Enthymemes in Practice
2.6 Conclusion
Notes
Works Cited
Chapter 3: Exploring Expert Appeals to Ethos with Statistical Corpus Analysis: Personal and Contextual Factors and Their Influence on Climate Scientists’ Use of Appeals to Expertise
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Coding Appeals to Expertise
3.2.1 Corpus Building
3.2.2 Categorizing the Appeals
3.3 Descriptive Statistical Analyses
3.4 Inferential Statistical Analyses
3.4.1 Personal Attributes
3.4.2 Contextual Factors
3.5 Conclusion
Notes
Works Cited
Chapter 4: Stasis: Moving People to Action
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Stases as a System
4.3 The Special Features of Individual Stases
4.3.1 Existence
4.3.2 Definition
4.3.3 Cause
4.3.4 Value
4.3.5 Action
4.4 Conclusion
Notes
Works Cited
Chapter 5: Making Meaning out of Texts: An Approach through the Interpretive Stases
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Text
5.3 Words
5.3.1 Ambiguity
5.3.2 Definition
5.4 Sentences
5.5 Passages
5.5.1 Conflicting Passages
5.5.2 Jurisdiction: Textual Boundaries
5.6 Intention and Other Animating Sources of Meaning
5.6.1 The Letter of a Text
5.6.2 The Spirit of a Text: Tropes
5.6.3 Intentional Ambiguity, Vagueness, and Inconsistency
5.7 Inference
5.7.1 Assimilation: Deduction, Induction, Eduction
5.7.2 Widening and Narrowing the Gap
5.8 Interpretive Linchpins
5.9 Interpretive Topoi
5.10 Case Study: The Declaration of Independence
5.11 Conclusion
Works Cited
Chapter 6: Using Examples to Misrepresent the World
6.1 Introduction
6.2 A Brief History of Exempla
6.3 Examples: Exemplifying and Misrepresenting
6.4 Guidelines for Working Outwards and Observing Persuasion
6.4.1 José Branco Speaking at the Annual Portuguese Parliamentary Celebration
6.4.2 Campaigning to Become Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
6.4.3 Selling the Secrets of Seduction
6.5 Conclusion
Notes
Works Cited
Part II: Enduring Features of Persuasive Language
Chapter 7: Sonic Rhetoric: The Persuasive Power of Spoken Language
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Prosodic Features
7.3 Sonic Rhetoric in the Classical View
7.4 The Sonics of Emotion
7.5 Communicating Pathos Vocally
7.6 The Sonics of Character
7.7 Communicating Ethos Vocally
7.8 The Sonics of Logos
7.9 Conclusion
Works Cited
Chapter 8: Humor
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Theories of Humor
8.3 Humor at Different Levels of Language
8.3.1 Phonology and Lexis: Puns and Wordplay
8.3.2 Syntax: Ambiguity and Resources
8.3.3 Pragmatics
8.3.4 Discourse
8.4 Conclusion
Works Cited
Chapter 9: Strategic Questioning
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Scholarly History of Strategic Questions
9.2.1 Strategic Questioning in Philosophical Inquiry
9.2.2 Strategic Questioning in a Rhetorical Perspective
9.2.3 Strategic Questioning in a Pragma-Linguistic Perspective
9.3 Contextualized Strategic Questions
9.3.1 Contextualized Rhetorical Questions
9.3.2 Contextualized Leading Questions
9.3.3 Contextualized Hypothetical Questions
9.3.4 Distinguishing Rhetorical Questions from Leading Questions and Hypothetical Questions
9.4 Strategic Questioning in Discourse Genres
9.4.1 Strategic Questioning in Media Discourse
9.4.2 Strategic Questioning in Legal Discourse
9.4.3 Strategic Questioning in Parliamentary Discourse
9.5 Conclusions
Works Cited
Chapter 10: Evaluating to Persuade in Statistical Framing: A Conceptual Tool for Rhetors and Audiences
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Statistics as Rhetorical and Statistical Framing
10.3 Overview of Methods of Amplification and the Appraisal Framework for Analysis of Statistical Rhetoric
10.4 Different and Legitimate Statistical Frames from the December 2017 U.S. Jobs Report
10.5 Providing Partial Context in Statistical Framing: Bacon and Cancer
10.6 Statistical Framing Accounting for Complexity in Tension with Convention: Acknowledgment and Pedagogy
10.7 Conclusion: Let the Numbers and People Deliberate
Notes
Works Cited
Chapter 11: A Framework for Understanding Polarizing Language
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Defining Polarizing Language
11.3 A Framework for Understanding Polarizing Language
11.3.1 Face Threats and Polarized Thinking
11.3.2 Predicting Polarization: Notorious Sources and Absurd Arguments
11.3.3 Amplifiers of Message Discrepancy Effects
11.3.4 Dampers of Message Discrepancy Effects
11.3.5 Language Strength as Message Force
11.3.6 Message Force and Source Evaluation
11.3.7 Emotional Expression as Polarizing Language
11.3.8 Radicalized Reasoning as Polarizing Language
11.4 Exploring Contexts for Illustrating Polarizing Language
11.4.1 Genocide
11.4.2 Hostage Negotiation
11.4.3 Political Expressions
11.4.4 Domestic Terrorism
11.5 Conclusion: Understanding the Key Features of Polarizing Language
Note
Works Cited
Part III: Figures of Speech in Persuasion
Chapter 12: The Tropes: Metaphor and Its Friends
12.1 Introduction 1
12.2 Tropes: A Definition
12.3 Classical and Early Modern Views
12.4 Modern and Contemporary Views
12.4.1 The Four Master Tropes
12.4.2 Something Called Metaphor
12.5 Tropological Persuasions
12.5.1 Tropological Condensations
12.5.2 Metonymy, Synecdoche, and Their Frames
12.5.3 Metaphor, Simile, and Analogic Frames
12.6 Conclusion
Notes
Works Cited
Chapter 13: The Rhetoric of Prosopopoeia : Persuading in Others’ Voices
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Prosopopoeia in Classical Context
13.3 Illustrative Forms: Progymnasmata
13.4 Contemporary Scholarship
13.4.1 Prosopopoeia
13.4.2 Animal Voices
13.5 Prosopopoeia as Persuasion
13.5.1 Animal Welfare
13.5.2 Politics
13.6 Conclusion
Notes
Works Cited
Chapter 14: Phantasia, Enargeia, and Catachresis: Use and Abuse of Metaphors in Korean Political Rhetoric
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Phantasia and Enargeia
14.3 Catachresis as Abused Metaphor
14.4 Cases: Use and Abuse of Metaphors in Korean Political Rhetoric
14.4.1 Phantasia in the Metaphors of Korean Presidential Candidates
14.4.2 Phantasia and Enargeia in the Metaphors of Korean Presidents
14.4.3 Catachreses Committed by Korean Presidents
14.5 Conclusions
Notes
Works Cited
Chapter 15: The Proleptic Suite
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Prolepsis: An Overview
15.3 A Flashback
15.4 Prolepsis ( Occupatio): Prolepsis as Anticipation and Rebuttal
15.5 Prolepsis (Ampliatio) : Prolepsis as Future Anteriority
15.6 Prolepsis (Praemonitio): Prolepsis as Presage
15.7 Concluding Remarks
Note
Works Cited
Chapter 16: Litotes and Repetition: The Identification Engine in Classic Chinese Maxims
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Litotes: Definition and Classification
16.2.1 Definition
16.2.2 Classification
16.3 Identification via Repetitive Litotes in Classic Chinese Maxims
16.3.1 Kenneth Burke’s Identification Framework
16.3.2 Repetition: Types and Functions
16.3.3 Sympathy Identification via Repetitive NCDN Litotes
16.3.4 Antithesis Identification via Repetitive CDN Litotes
16.4 Conclusion
Notes
Works Cited
Part IV: Fields and Genres of Persuasion
Chapter 17: The Languages of Science 1
17.1 The Expansion of Denotative Control
17.2 Quantifications, Abbreviations, Noun Strings
17.3 From Vernaculars to a Lingua Franca
17.4 The Common Language of Mathematics
17.5 Experiments in Words Only
17.6 Language for Outsiders/Non-Scientists
17.7 Conclusion
Notes
Chapter 18: Legal/Forensic Persuasion
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Legal Persuasion and the History of Rhetoric
18.3 Legal Persuasion in the Courtroom
18.3.1 Persuasive Resources in the Courtroom
18.3.2 Legal Persuasion in the Various Phases of a Trial
18.4 Legal Persuasion and Judicial Interpretivism/Noninterpretivism
18.4.1 Interpretivism I: Textualism
18.4.2 Interpretivism II: Forms of Originalism
18.4.3 Noninterpretivist Legal Persuasion
18.4.3.1 Noninterpretivism I: Forms of Doctrinal Argument
18.4.3.2 Noninterpretivism II: Forms of Prudential Argument
18.4.3.3 Noninterpretivism III: Dissociation
18.4.3.4 Noninterpretivism IV: Metaphor and Narrative
18.5 Conclusion
Works Cited
Chapter 19: Asian American Persuasion: The Subtleties of Speaking with Others’ Words
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Crossing Borders
19.3 Laughing While Asian
19.4 Viral Exigencies
19.5 Conclusions
Works Cited
Chapter 20: Interactivity in Genre Forms: Ceremonial and Legislative Government Apologies as Distinct Rhetorical Acts Toward Reconciliation
20.1 Rhetorical Genre
20.2 Apologia and Apology
20.3 Governmental Apologies
20.4 Cases
20.4.1 PL 103-150: Apology for the Annexation of Hawai’i (1993) 6
20.4.2 S.J. Res. 14 – 111th Congress: Apology to Native Americans (2009) 7
20.4.3 President Clinton: Apology for Tuskegee Syphilis Experiments (1997) 8
20.4.4 Prime Minister Kevin Rudd: Apology to Australia’s Stolen Generations (2008) 10
20.5 Analysis
20.5.1 Audience Presence: Addressing, Naming, Partitioning
20.5.2 Speaker presence: First-person pronouns and subjective metadiscourse
20.5.3 Others’ presence: Orientation to Difference
20.6 Conclusion
Notes
Works Cited
Chapter 21: Persuasion in Songs of Protest: Deliberation Through Metaphors and Music in South African Struggle Songs
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Music and Persuasion
21.3 Protest/Struggle Music
21.4 Struggle Music as Rhetoric
21.5 Metaphors and Persuasion
21.6 Persuasion in South African Struggle Songs
21.7 “Shona Malanga” 4
21.8 “Meadowlands” 5
21.9 Conclusion
Notes
Works Cited
Chapter 22: Games, Language, and Persuasion
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Language-games
22.2.1 Game Work
22.3 Constraints
22.3.1 Constitutive Rules
22.3.2 Regulative Rules
22.4 Play and Persuasion
22.4.1 Identification
22.4.1.1 The Role of Identification in Journey
22.4.2 Rhetorical Situations
22.4.2.1 Rhetorical Situations in The Voter Suppression Trail
22.5 Ludic Language and Discourse
22.5.1 Ludolects
22.5.2 Metaludic Discourse
22.6 Approaches to Games, Language, and Persuasion
22.6.1 Rhetorics of Play
22.6.2 Procedural Rhetoric
22.6.3 Equipment for Living
22.6.4 Gamification
22.7 Conclusion
Works Cited
Chapter 23: Multi-Genre Arguing in the Sciences: The Genetics of Longevity Controversy
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Controversies as Context
23.3 Case Study: The Genetics of Longevity
23.3.1 Research Reported in News Outlets
23.3.2 Agency across Genres
23.3.3 Headlines Characterizing the Content
23.3.4 Characterization of the Evidence: The Sample
23.3.5 Characterization of the Findings
23.3.6 The Potential Medical Payoff
23.4 Controversy Over the Findings
23.4.1 Expert Commentary
23.4.2 Unfolding Rebuttal
23.4.3 Retraction and Its Coverage
23.5 Conclusion and Implications
Works Cited
Chapter 24: Propaganda
24.1 Introduction
24.2 A Brief History of Propaganda Scholarship
24.3 Propaganda as Manipulative, Anti-Democratic, and Intertextual
24.3.1 Manipulation
24.3.2 The Anti-Democratic Function of Propaganda
24.3.3 An Intertextual View of Propaganda
24.4 Case Study
24.5 Conclusion
Notes
Works Cited
Part V: Roots of Persuasion
Chapter 25: The Development of Persuasive Communication: Animals and the Evolved Mind
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Overview of the Field
25.2.1 Ethology, Zoosemiotics, and Animal Rhetorics
25.2.2 Rhetoricians, Animals, and Symbols
25.3 Ramifications for Humanist Researchers
25.3.1 Minds and Bodies
25.3.2 Persuasion and Sensation in Human and Nonhuman Animals
25.3.3 Did Persuasive Communication Evolve for All or One?
25.4 Conclusion
Works Cited
Chapter 26: Young Children’s Argumentative Contributions
26.1 Introduction
26.2 The Dialogue
26.3 The Implicit Content
26.3.1 Using Argument Schemes to Reconstruct Implicit Premises in Children’s Argumentation
26.3.2 Different Types of Premises in Children’s (and Adults’) Argumentation
26.4 The Context
26.4.1 Contexts Are Open to Interpretation
26.4.2 Contexts Can Be Designed to Provide Space for Argumentation
26.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Notes
Works Cited
Chapter 27: Persuasive Language Development: The Case of Irony and Humour in Children’s Language
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Development of Irony: Production
27.3 Development of Irony: Comprehension
27.4 Constraints on Development
27.5 Humour Development
27.6 Conclusion
Works Cited
Chapter 28: Grounding Cognition: Intersections of Rhetorical Theory and Cognitive Science
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Historical Review
28.3 Attention Management
28.3.1 The Greater Attention System
28.3.2 Targeting System of Language (Talmy)
28.3.3 Three Stages of a Hearer’s Procedure
28.3.4 Cue Categories
28.3.5 Illustrating the Targeting System in Rhetorical Practices: Attending to Money
28.4 Framing
28.5 Emotional Disposition
28.6 Conclusion
Notes
Works Cited
Part VI: Computational Methods of Examining Persuasive Language
Chapter 29: Computer-Aided Close Reading: Visualizing Contrastive Persuasion Strategies
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Background
29.3 DocuScope’s Lineage and Its Ties to Other Projects in This Volume
29.4 Textual Experience
29.5 Topical Structure and Salience
29.6 Design Challenges and Tradeoffs
29.7 Applying DocuScope to the Contrastive Visualization/Analysis of Persuasive Texts
29.8 Jamelle Bouie’s Op-Ed: “Trump” Occupies the Center of Negative Attention
29.9 Chris Buskirk: “Democrat” Impeachment Efforts Are Feckless and Inauthentic
29.10 Conclusion
Appendix: DocuScope Categories of Textual Experience
Works Cited
Chapter 30: Computer-Based Analysis: Argument Mining
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Methods of Argument Mining
30.3 Features of Persuasive Language
30.4 Rhetorical Figures
30.5 Statement Types
30.6 Argument Schemes
30.7 Persuasive Dialogue
30.8 Conclusion
Notes
Works Cited
Glossary
Index