The Routledge Handbook of Ideology and International Relations

Cover
Endorsement
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Figures
Tables
Notes On Contributors
Acknowledgements
1 Introduction: Ideology and the Study of World Politics
Introduction
Ideology and Its Skeptics
Theorizing Ideology’s Influence
Streams of Ideology Research
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
Part 1 Ideologies, Nations, and the State
2 Ideology and Nation-States: Between Nationalism and Human Rights
Introduction
Ideological Transformations
The Delegitimisation of Alternatives
Reproducing Nationalism
Nationalism and the Ideological Doctrine of Human Rights
Institutionalisation of Human Rights at the World Polity Level
Conclusion
Notes
References
3 Ideologies and National Power
Domestic Political Regime Type and National Power
Dominant Democracies
The Autocratic Advantage
Dominant Democracies in the Empirical Record
Dominant Democracies Today
Conclusion
Notes
References
4 Authoritarian and Totalitarian Ideologies
Introduction
The Illusion of Unideological Authoritarianism
The Need for Ideology in Authoritarian and Totalitarian States
Ideology as Political Resource
Ideology as Internalized Framework
Authoritarian and Totalitarian Ideologies Under Democracy
Conclusion: Ideology and the Authoritarian-Totalitarian Distinction
Notes
Bibliography
5 Ideology and National Security
Introduction
Ideology in the Study of National Security
Making Space for Ideology
Five Ways Ideology Matters for National Security
Diagnosing the National Interest
The Value of Diplomacy/Force
Identifying Threats
Alliance Choices
Domestic Priorities
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
Part 2 Ideologies, Conflict, and Peace
6 Extremist Islamic Ideology and Terrorism
Introduction
Ideology and Identity
Radicalization Into Violent Islamic Extremism – Reconciling the Dichotomy
(Social) Psychological Conditions for Identity Receptivity to Extremism
Ideational and Religious Commitments
Conclusion
Notes
References
7 Leaders’ Ideology and Great Power Politics
What Are Ideologies and How Can We Measure Them?
How Leaders’ Ideologies Shape Their Foreign Policies
When Are Ideologies Most Likely to Shape Foreign Policies?
What Methods Are Most Effective in Judging Ideologies’ International Effects?
Conclusion
Notes
References
8 Ideology in Civil Wars
Introduction
Defining Ideology
Dimensions of Ideology
Ideology in Civil War Onset
Ideology in Civil War Dynamics
Legitimating Violence
Organizational Cohesion and Factional Fragmentation
Rebel Alliances and State Sponsorship
Ideology in Conflict Termination
Conclusion
Notes
References
9 IdeologIES and Revolutions
Definitions of Ideology and Revolutions
How Revolutions Affect International Politics
When Revolutions Affect International Politics
French Policy Toward Revolutions During the Ancien Regime and the Restoration
Conclusion
Notes
References
10 Ideology and Foreign Regime Promotion John M. Owen IV
Introduction
Ideologies and How They Work
Ideology and Foreign Regime Promotion
Three Facts About Ideology
Internal Security, External Security, Or Both
How the Theory Explains Real Cases
External Security: The Soviets and Western Allies in Germany, 1945–49
Internal Security: The Great Powers in Europe, 1849
External and Internal Security: England in Scotland, 1559–60
Promoting a Different Regime: The United States in Latin America, Early Cold War
Conclusion
Notes
References
11 Ideological Conflict and Alliances of Convenience in International Politics
What Is an Alliance of Convenience?
A Typology of Defensive Alliances
A Neoclassical Realist Theory of Alliance Bargaining
The United States and Alliance Bargaining After World War II: A Paired Comparison
The U.S. Alliance of Convenience With Pakistan, 1981–88
The U.S. Special Relationship Alliance With the United Kingdom During the Korean War (1950–53)
Conclusion
Notes
References
Part 3 Ideologies and Transnational Issues
12 Ideological Religion in World Politics
Introduction
Ideology, Religion and the Problem of Reductivism
Defining Ideology and Religion
From Religion ‘As Ideology’, to Religion ‘Becoming Ideological’
Political Theology
Religious Ideologies
Religious Identitarianism
Ideological Religion in World Politics
Ideological Ambivalence and Religious Contexts
Violence and the Power of Ideological Religion
Contesting and Transforming World Orders
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
13 Ideology and Human Rights
Characterizing Ideologies
Defining Human Rights
Human Rights as Mobilizing Ideology
Human Rights as Constraint On and Handmaiden to Power
Human Rights as Ideological Weapon
Ideological Conflict Over Human Rights in International Institutions
Conclusion
Notes
References
14 Racial Ideologies in World Politics
Defining Racial Ideologies
The Effects of Racial Ideologies
IR Theory as a Racial Ideology?
The Rise of White Supremacist Ideologies
Ideological Challenges to White Supremacy: Pan-Asianism and Pan-Africanism
Conclusion: The Clash of Racial Ideologies in World Politics
Notes
References
15 Left and Right: The Significance of a Global Distinction
Introduction
The Ubiquitous and Enduring Left-Right Distinction
Contrasting Worldviews
Left and Right in Comparative Perspective
Left and Right in International Affairs
Foreign Policy
The Multilateral System
Transnational Actors
Conclusion
Notes
References
16 Ideology and Climate Change: A Complex Reflexive Systems Approach to Energy Transition Discourse Networks
Introduction
Making Sense of a Fragmented Field
Ideology and Climate Change
The Need for a New Approach
A Complex Reflexive Systems Approach to Ideology
Case Study: Ideological Conflict in Canada’s Energy Transition Discourse
Data and Methods
Identifying Arguments
Identifying Ideologically Aligned Argument Clusters
Identifying Ideologically Aligned Organizations
Linking Arguments and Organizations
Ideological Discourse Networks in Canadian Parliamentary Hearings
Mapping Dominant Climate Ideologies
Limitations of the Study
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
Part 4 Ideologies, States, and Regions
17 Ideology and Indian Foreign Policy
Introduction
Party Ideology and Foreign Policy
The Case of India
Democracy, Secularism, Anti-Colonial Struggle: The Cornerstones of INC Party Ideology
Hindutva as the Cornerstones of BJP Party Ideology
Competing Party Ideologies and Their Impact On Security and Foreign Trade
Security Policy
Free Trade
Conclusion
Notes
References
18 Ideology in Latin American Foreign Policies in the 21st Century
Introduction
Ideology, Pragmatism and Foreign Policy: Concepts and Definitions
Ends and Purposes
The Available Means
Agency and the Human Factor
The Foreign Policy Process
The Historical and Political Context
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
19 Identity and Ideology in Middle Eastern International Relations
Ideologies as Power Resources in the Middle East: Scope Conditions
Ideological Polarization as a System Attribute
Conclusion
Notes
References
20 Ideology and Chinese Foreign Policy
Introduction
Ideology and Foreign Policy
Evolving Ideologies, Evolving Foreign Policies
Ideology in Xi’s China
Ideological Alternative?
Ideological Opportunism
Ideological Defense
Foreign Policy in Xi’s China
Conclusion
Notes
References
21 Ideology and African Politics
Introduction
Ideology as Irrelevant to African Politics
The ‘Failure’ of Ideology
Ideology, Nationalism, and Development
Ideology in Disguise in African Politics
Ideology in African Politics Today
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
22 The Role of Ideology in Russian Foreign Policy
Introduction
The Soviet Legacy
Russia as a Post-Ideological Power
Ideological Debates in Post-Soviet Russia
The Ideology of Putinism
History
Political Order
State
Sovereignty
Geopolitical Space
Traditional Values
Conclusion
Notes
References
23 Ideologies and U.S. Foreign Policy
Ideologies as Foreign Policy Schools of Thought
Ideas as “Republican” Not “Social” Constructivism
Ideas as Independent Causes
How Much Do Ideologies Matter?
Conclusion
Notes
References
24 Ideology and United States Grand Strategy
Ideology, Master Narratives and Grand Strategy
Narratives, Deep Engagement, and Offshore Balancing in Historical Perspective
Implications
Notes
References
25 Ideology, Europe, and the European Union
Introduction
Ideology in the History of European Politics
The Post-National and the Pursuit of the Post-Ideological
Contesting the EU Settlement
Conclusion
Notes
References
26 Ideology and Foreign Policy On the Korean Peninsula
Ideology and Foreign Policy
Ideology and Division of the Korean Peninsula
Ideological Division Between North and South Korea
The Domestic Politics of South Korean Foreign Policy and Inter-Korea Relations
Ideology and Inter-Korea Policy
Progressives and Inter-Korea Peace and Reconciliation (1998–2008)
Conditional Engagement, Reciprocity, and Trust Under Conservatives (2008–2017)
Ideology, Preferences, and Moon Jae-In’s Inter-Korea Policy
Conclusion
Notes
References
Index