The Routledge Handbook of Digital Sport Management

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Figures
Tables
Acknowledgments
Contributors
Embracing the Digital Frontier: Introduction to The Routledge Handbook of Digital Sport Management
References
Part I: Digital Transformations in Sport Management
1. Organizational Behavior and Digital Transformation in Sport
Introduction
Individual Employee Level
Psychological Capital
Innovation Adoption Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation
Domain Relevant Skills
Creativity Process Engagement
Work Group Level
Resource Dependency
Financial Resources
Human Resources
Knowledge
Time
Access to Technology
Innovative Work Climate
Organizational and Environmental Level
Escalation of Commitment
Sport Structures and Coopetition
Trends and Additional Considerations
Sport Organizations as Small Enterprises
Level 1: Digital Awareness
Level 2: Digital Inquiry
Level 3: Digital Collaboration
Level 4: Digital Transformation
Turnover and Burnout
Conclusion and Future Directions
References
2. Human Resource Management and Digital Technology
HRM and Digital Technology in the Sport Industry
The Emergence of e-HRM
Theory and Movement Forward
e-HRM in Organizations
The Positive Influence of e-HRM
What Does e-HRM Look Like?
Sport Industry Trends
Recruitment of Diverse Populations - The Context
Training and Scheduling Volunteers and Staff - The Context
Living in an Evidence-Based Sport Industry - The Context
Working on the Road: Reimbursement Systems - The Context
e-HRM in Sport: The Move Forward
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
3. Virtual Volunteering
Introduction
Virtual Volunteering Research: Processes and Trends
Virtual Volunteering: Participation Trends, Demographics, and Roles
Virtual Volunteering Research
Future Research Directions
Conclusion
References
4. Digital Transformations in Youth Sport
Introduction
Precipitating Jolts in Youth Sport
Challenges to the Status Quo in Youth Sport
Widespread Adoption of Digital Transformations in Youth Sport
Future Directions
References
5. Digital Transformation in Not-for-Profit Sport Organizations
Introduction
Organizational Change
Digital Technology in Organizations
Digital Transformation in Organizations
Organizational Strategy
Organizational Structure and Design
Leadership and Human Resources
Emerging Trends
Conclusions and Future Research Directions
References
6. Virtual Participatory Sport Events
Introduction
Participatory Sport Events
Digital Disruption of the Participatory Sport Event Market
Social Leveraging of Participatory Sport Events
Fostering Social Interaction
Prompting a Sense of Celebration
Social Leveraging and Virtual Running Events
Social Leveraging Through Participants' Experiences of Virtual Running Events
Extending the Benefits of Virtual Running Events
Implications for Future Sport Event Design and Research
Enhancing Meaningfulness Through Event Design
Management Implications of Virtual Events
References
7. Digital Innovation in High-Performance Sport
Introduction
The Role of Technological and Digital Innovation in High-Performance (Elite) Sport
Applications
Gear
Gadgets and Equipment
The Benefits and Risks of Technological and Digital Innovation in High-Performance (Elite) Sport
The Case of Australia: "We've Done it Before ... and We Will Do It Again"
Conclusion and Future Directions
Notes
References
8. Corporate Social Responsibility and Digital Transformation in Professional Sport
Introduction
Concept Grounding: CSR and Digital Transformation - What Does it Mean?
Sport Philanthropy and Digital Fundraising
CSR Digital Communication and Engagement
Corporate Digital Responsibility and Sport Organizations
Dimensions of Corporate Digital Responsibility
Social CDR and Sport
Economic CDR and Sport
Technological CDR and Sport
Environmental CDR and Sport
Conclusions, Implications, and Future Research
References
9. Digital Transformation in Sport Sponsorship
Introduction
Sport Sponsorship Digital Framework
Digital Sponsorship Process
Marketer/Property/Sponsor Digital Technology
Digital Media
Digital Platforms
Audience/Fan/Consumer Digital Devices
Digital Data
Business Models and Strategies
Sport Sponsorship Ecosystem
Consumers/Fans - The Ways They Interact Digitally
Online Following
Digital Assets
Virtual Reality
Augmented Reality
Fantasy Sports
Video Games
Sports Betting
Conclusions about the Current Context Digital Transition for Sport
Esports, "Born Digital"
The Skills Gap
Future Directions
Devices Used
Data Visualization
The Nature of New Research
Artificial Intelligence
The Digital Divide
References
10. Digital Sport Management and the Law
Introduction
Social Media Regulation
Social Media Policies Governing Sport Professionals
Social Media Policies Governing Olympic Athletes
Digital Media and Regulation Moving Forward
Esports and Intellectual Property Law
Esports & Copyright Control
Copyright Defenses
Sexual Harassment and Electronic Gaming
The Effect of Harassment on Esports
Anti-Harassment Regulation and Esports
Esports Moving Forward
References
11. Digital Technology and Sport for Development
Introduction
Prior SFD Literature
Information and Communication Technology for Development
Communication Platforms
Monitoring and Evaluation
Open-Source and User-Driven Solutions
Supporting Livelihood
Digital Program Delivery
Future Directions
Capability Approach
Critical Pedagogy
Innovation Diffusion Theory
Technology Acceptance Model
Digital Literacy
Ecological Theories/Models
Virtual and Augmented Reality
Actor-Network Theory
Technology for Peacebuilding and Conflict Resolution
Technology and Institutional Work
Mobile Applications
Concluding Thoughts
References
Part II: Digital Tools in Sport Management
12. Fantasy Sport in the Digital Realm
The Role of Fantasy Sport in the Digital Realm
Understanding Fantasy Sport Participation
Motivations for play
Arousal & Self-Esteem
Camaraderie & Social Sport
Control
Escape & Pass Time
Surveillance
Competition
Contemporary Trends
RedZone
Mobile Advancements
Web & Social Media
FNTSY Sports Network
Future Directions
Conclusions
References
13. Podcasting and Sports Journalism
Podcasting History and Industry
Audience Growth and Revenue
Podcasts as a Media Product
Serial and The Long Tail of Podcasts
The Sports Podcasting Landscape
Podcasts and Sports Entities
The Modern Podcasting Environment
Starting Out in Sports Podcasting
Podcast Planning and Podcast Typographies
Distributing Podcasts
Building a Podcast Audience
The Future of Sports Podcasting
Conclusion
References
14. Evolution of Live Streaming
Introduction
The Growth of Live Streaming
Characterizing Live Streaming
Over the Top Services (OTT)
Social Live Streaming Services
Athlete-driven SLSS
The Case of the Sydney Swans and the Black Dog Mental Health Institute
Organizational Driven SLSS
Fan-Focused Positioning of Live Streaming
Interaction
Immediacy
Immersion
Sociality
Dominant Theoretical Frameworks
Future of LS
References
15. Social Media and Sport Marketing in North America
Introduction
Methods in Exploring Social Media and Sports Marketing
Future Implications in Social Media and Sports Marketing
Fandom
Influencers and Creators
Crisis Communication Involving Social Media and Sports
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Social Media and Sports
Sports and Social Movements
Gaming
New Methodological Approaches
References
16. Social Media and Athlete Branding
Introduction
Social Media and Athlete Branding
Theoretical Frameworks and Athlete Branding
Social Media Branding and Gender
Social Media Branding and Sport Stakeholder Perspectives
Trends and Future Research
Athlete Social Media Branding and COVID-19: Challenges and Opportunities
Athlete Philanthropy and Activism
Athletes as Role Models and Influencers
Challenges of Athlete Social Media Branding
Emerging Platforms and Features
Conclusion
References
17. Immersive Technology and the Virtual Sport Spectator Experience
Introduction
Definitions and Trends in Virtual Sport Spectatorship
Virtual Reality
Augmented Reality
Immersive Spectator Experience
VR and AR Research in Sport Management
Social Neuroscience and Virtual Sport Spectator Experiences
Functional Neuroimaging and Eye-Tracking Methods Available to Sport Researchers
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Electroencephalography
Theoretical Implications of Employing Social Neuroscience Methodology
Neuroimaging Research in Sport Management
Employing a Social Neuroscience Approach to Understand Virtual Sport Spectator Experiences: Pitfalls and Challenges
References
18. Business Analytics in Sport Organizations
Introduction
Key Terms and Concepts
Current and Emerging Uses of Sport Business Analytics
Current Research Trends
Next Steps for Sports Analytics Research
Conclusion
References
Part III: Emerging Digital Issues in Sport Management
19. Collaborative Consumption in the Sport Industry
Introduction
Networked Hospitality
Peer Exchanges, Commercial Platforms, and the Sport Industry
Modes of Collaborative Consumption
Categories of Collaborative Consumption
Why Collaborative Consumption is Increasing in Popularity
Consumer Trust
An Industry Perspective
Collaborative Consumption in the Sport Industry
Applying Collaborative Consumption to the Sport Industry
Summary
Industry Examples
Sport Experiences
Sport Apparel
Sport Equipment
Sport Coaching
Sport Facilities
Sport Event Tickets
Future Research Implications
Conclusion
References
20. Data and the Sport Consumer
Introduction
The Digitalization of Sport Consumer Behavior
Digital and Data as an Opportunity
Consumer Data Sources
Using Digital Data to Guide Strategy and Create Advantage
Capacity Building for Competitive Advantage from Digital Consumer Data
Summary
References
21. Digital Fitness Ecosystem
Introduction
Review of the Sport Fitness Ecosystem
Wearables
Equipment
Applications
Spatial Computing
Connectivity
Future Research
References
22. Convergence of Sport and Esports
Introduction
Overview of The Esports Ecosystem
Video Game Industry
Esports Teams
Video Game Developers and Publishers
Digital Platforms
Esports Sponsors: Endemic and Non-Endemic
Convergence of Sport and Esports
Diversification of Sport Organizations
Sports and Esports: Monetization Differences
The Case of the Overwatch League
Future Trends
Sponsorships
Media Rights
Ticket sales
Merchandise
Conclusion
Notes
References
23. Blockchain and the Sports Tech Dilemma
Introduction
Blockchain Technology Explained
The Pillars
The Ownership
The Objectives
Blockchain's Potential to Transform the Sport Industry
Blockchain's Value Proposition to Sport
Opportunities for Consumer Experiences
Opportunities for Sport Memorabilia Collectables
Opportunities for Sport Betting and Fantasy Sport
Opportunities for Sponsorship and Athlete Crowdsourcing
Opportunities for Player Data and Anti-Doping
The Sports Tech Dilemma
The Challenges of Combining Multiple Logics
Future Research
References
24. Digitization of Sport Participation for Health
Introduction
Digitalization in Sport Contexts
Sport Participation and Health
A Social-Ecological Framework for Digitalization in Sport for Health
Social-Ecological Model
Intrapersonal Level
Interpersonal Level
Institutional Level
Community Level
Public-Policy Level
Multilevel Interactions
Implications for Future Research
Conclusions
References
25. Artificial Intelligence
History and Current State of AI
AI and the Sport Industry
The Impact of AI on Sport Industry Research
Downsides and Ethical Considerations of AI
Future of AI
Conclusion
References
26. Digital Technology and Sport Ecology
Introduction
Digital Applications in Sport Ecology
Weather and Disaster Monitoring
Air Quality Monitoring
Digital Facility Management Technologies
Digital Applications for Personal Use
Conclusion
References
27. Shifting Gender Power Relations in the Digitization of Sport
The Gendered Landscape of Digital Sport Media
Gender, Digital Technology, and Mediated Sport Systems
Digital Diversification and Women's Sport Broadcasting
Addressing Gender Bias in Traditional and Social Media Representation
Being Visible and Having a Voice: Sport Feminism in the Digital Age
Women's Representation in the Digital Spectacle of Major Sport Events
Future Directions
References
28. Sport Innovation
Introduction
The Innovation Ecosystem Model
Attributes of the Innovation Ecosystem Model
Ecosystem Metaphor
Co-creation
Interdependent and Non-Linear Inter-Organizational Relations
Market Orientation
Self-Organization and the Central Importance of (focal) Actors
Openness and Coopetition
Central Importance of Institutions
Functions of Innovation Ecosystems
Next Steps in Research
Location
Innovation Performance
Evolution
Innovation Process
Functions
Economic Growth
Innovation Drivers and Barriers
Innovation Capability
Spillover Effects
Participation Motives
Innovation Culture
Notes
References
29. Economics of Digital Sport Consumption
Introduction
Consumer Adoption of New Technologies
From "Attitudes About" to "Relationship with" Technology
Technology Adoption and Portfolio Management
The Effect of Time
Tradeoffs of Technology use and Adoption
Implications for Sport Consumption Research
Conclusion
Note
References
Index