Disentangling a controversial history of turmoil and progress, this Handbook provides essential guidance through the complex past of a region that was previously known as the Balkans but is now better known as Southeastern Europe. It gathers 47 international scholars and researchers from the region. They stand back from the premodern claims and recent controversies stirred by the wars of Yugoslavia's dissolution.
Parts I and II explore shifting early modern divisions among three empires to the national movements and independent states that intruded with Great Power intervention on Ottoman and Habsburg territory in the nineteenth century. Part III traces a full decade of war centered on the First World War, with forced migrations rivalling the great loss of life. Part IV addresses the interwar promise and the later authoritarian politics of five newly independent states: Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania and Yugoslavia. Separate attention is paid in Part V to the spread of European economic and social features that had begun in the nineteenth century. The Second World War again cost the region dearly in death and destruction and, as noted in Part VI, in interethnic violence. A final set of chapters in Part VII examines postwar and Cold War experiences that varied among the four Communist regimes as well as for non-Communist Greece. Lastly, a brief Epilogue takes the narrative past 1989 into the uncertainties that persist in Yugoslavia's successor states and its neighbors.
Providing fresh analysis from recent scholarship, the brief and accessible chapters of the Handbook address the general reader as well as students and scholars. For further study, each chapter includes a short list of selected readings.
Author(s): John R Lampe; Ulf Brunnbauer
Series: Routledge Handbooks
Publisher: Routledge
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 572
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of contents
Maps
Contributors
Preface
Introductory overview: Premodern borders and modern controversies
References
Part I The early modern Balkans as imperial borderlands
Overview: The Balkans divided between three empires
1 Ottoman Albania and Kosovo, Albanians and Serbs, sixteenth–eighteenth centuries
Contesting the Ottoman conquest
The formal and informal power structure
Legal plurality
Migrations
Religion
Albanian Sunni Muslims as a pillar of Ottoman rule
Selected Readings
2 The Venetian-Ottoman borderland in Dalmatia
Ottoman attacks
Fortifying borderlands
Religious interactions
Cross-border trade
Wars and Venice’s victory
Selected Readings
3 The Phanariot regime in the Romanian Principalities, 1711/1716–1821
The Phanariot regime in power
From Greek origins and Byzantine influence to the Phanariots
Challenging the Pharariot regime
Selected Readings
4 Ottoman Bosnia and the Bosnian Muslims
Introduction
Urbanization and the vakufs
Population and Islamization
The land regime
Military borderland
The ayans
Tanzimat
Ottoman modernity
Peasant uprisings and the end of Ottoman rule
Selected Readings
Part II Nation- and state-building, 1815–1914
Overview: Nations and states between changing borders
5 Nineteenth-century national identities in the Balkans: Evolution and contention
European circulations of ideas
Nationhood and visions of progress
Articulations of the nation
Selected Readings
6 Bulgaria from liberation to independence, 1878–1908
The establishment of a modern Bulgarian state
Unification and disenchantment with Russia
Prince Ferdinand’s personal rule and partizanstvo
The national agenda
Selected Readings
7 Croatian political diversity and national development in the nineteenth century
Civil Croatia and Slavonia
Dalmatia and the Military Border
From neo-absolutism to new national ideas
Politics under dualism
Selected Readings
8 Montenegro as an independent state, 1878–1912
The Treaties of San Stefano and Berlin (1878) and state building
Modernization: administration, military, infrastructure, education, culture
International relations, neighbor states, and the Great Powers
Political life
The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913
Selected Readings
9 The agrarian question in Romania, 1744–1921
Landlord-peasant relations
Revolt and reform
Selected Readings
10 Slovene clerical politics, cooperatives and the language question to 1914
From the April Manifesto to the Ausgleich, 1848–1867
Slovene education and culture under Taafe’s “Iron Ring” government, 1878–1893
Political parties, the cooperatives, and the National Movement
Selected Readings
11 Serbia’s promise and problems, 1903–1914
Laws and institutions
The golden age of Serbian democracy?
Ideals and realities in everyday political life
Political parties
The one-party state
Elections
Functioning of institutions
Relations between the majority and the minority
A deep state
The impact of foreign affairs on domestic policy
Conclusion
Selected Readings
12 The Macedonian Question: Asked and answered, 1878–1913
Great Power background: Russian aspirations and Ottoman decline
Neighboring states and religious identities
Alternative futures and the spread of violence
Selected Readings
13 Austria-Hungary and the Balkans
Consequences of the Berlin Congress
Balkan political relations
Economic and cultural relations
Selected Readings
14 Bosnia-Herzegovina under Austria-Hungary: From occupation to assassination, 1878–1914
Occupation
The Kállay era: bureaucratic absolutism
Movements for autonomy
Easing the state’s restrictions
Annexation and a constitution
The Bosnian assembly
Student activists and the road to imperial ruin
Selected Readings
Part III The Balkan Wars and the First World War, 1912–1923
Overview: Armies and occupations, peace settlements and forced migrations
15 Bulgaria’s wars and defeats, 1912–1919
The Balkan Alliance and the First Balkan War
Failed peace and the Second Balkan War
The First World War
Selected Readings
16 After empire: The First World War and the question of Albanian independence
National associations in the late Ottoman Empire
National associations in wartime
Postwar challenges at the Peace Conference
Selected Readings
17 Greece from national expansion to schism and catastrophe, 1912–1922
The two Balkan Wars, 1912 and 1913
The First World War from the National Schism to the Salonica Front
The Anatolian campaign and catastrophe, 1919–1922
Selected Readings
18 Habsburg South Slavs in peace and war, 1912–1918
Yugoslav nationalism and its rivals before and during the Balkan Wars
1914–1915: the World War begins
1915–1918: toward the end
Selected Readings
19 From Salonica to Belgrade: The emergence of Yugoslavia, 1917–1921
The Salonica Front
South Slav politics
The final weeks of the war
Unification
Interim institutions
Paris Peace Conference
Selected Reading
Part IV Southeastern European states and national politics, 1922–1939
Overview: The interwar decades from parliamentary struggles and international pressures to authoritarian regimes
20 Interwar ideas and images of nation, class, and gender
Defining the nation: integrating and othering
Nation in space and time
Nation and state
Nations and nationalism
Nation and religion
Class identities: parallel realities and the search for coherence
Peasantry
Urban elites
Intelligentsia
Workers
Images of gender between tradition and modernism
Selected Readings
21 Interwar women’s movements from the Little Entente to nationalism
Regional cooperation and the international community
Entangled nationalisms: Romania and Yugoslavia
Nationalism and the limits of women’s transnationalism: Bulgaria
Greek reluctance and dissolution
Conclusion
Selected Readings
22 Interwar Greece: Its generals, a republic, and the monarchy
The Second Hellenic Republic and the continuing National Schism
Hellenization and the new lands
Metaxas and 4th of August regime
Conclusion
Selected Readings
23 Bulgaria from Stamboliiski and IMRO to Tsar Boris, 1919–1943
Stamboliiski rules
The overthrow of Stamboliiski and authoritarian rule after 1923
From the 1934 coup d’état to royal dictatorship and World War II
Selected Readings
24 The Legion “Archangel Michael” in Romania, 1927–1941
The Legion’s ideology
The Legion’s political trajectory
Social structure and membership
The Legion in power
Selected Readings
25 Albania between Fan Noli, King Zog, and Italian hegemony
Setting the scene in the early 1920s
The Noli-Zogu confrontation
Zogu in the ascendant
Selected Readings
26 The Croat Peasant Party: From Stjepan Radic to Vladko Macek
The Radic brothers and the origins of the HSS
Radic and the HSS, 1918–1928
Radic’s murder
Macek and the late Yugoslav period, 1929–1941
Selected Readings
27 Serbia, Kosovo, and Macedonia from revolt and resettlement to repression
The struggle to integrate “South Serbia” (1918–1929)
Political and economic instability in the 1920s
Culture and education
The Banovina period (1929–1941)
Selected Readings
28 Yugoslav identity in the interwar period
Antecedents
The turbulent first decade
The royal dictatorship
From dictatorship to war
Selected Readings
Part V Economies and societies, 1878–1939
Overview: Challenges of change. Economic and population growth, social and cultural transformations up to World War II
29 Demographic growth: Patterns and problems, 1878–1939
Introduction
Population figures and structure
Population movements
Selected Readings
30 Financing economic growth and facing foreign debt, 1878–1939
Founding financial systems and state loans, 1878–1914
The costs of war and interwar financial debt, 1914–1929
Financial retreat and industrial recovery in the 1930s
Conclusion
Selected Readings
31 Modern manufacture, state support, and foreign investment: Comparing Balkan textile industries, 1878–1939
1878–1914: from proto-industrial to modern manufacture
1918–1939: state support and joint-stock incorporation
Conclusion
Selected Readings
32 Neighbors into foreigners: the Greeks in Bulgaria, 1878–1941
The evolution of Bulgarian national ideology
Who is a Greek? National ambiguities and conflicting identities
Growing pressures from an emerging nation state, 1878–1900
Hardening national lines through insurgency and war, 1900–1918
From “voluntary emigration” to an “actual exchange,” 1919–1925
Erasing ambiguities in the 1920s and 1930s
Selected Readings
33 Southeastern European overseas migration and return from the late nineteenth century until the 1930s
The rise in pre-1914 emigration
Return migration and decline of emigration in the interwar period
Selected Readings
34 Eugenics and race in Southeastern Europe
Selected Readings
35 Sofia and Plovdiv between the world wars
Re-building a capital city
Plovdiv: the limits of de-Ottomanization
Postwar politics and urban transformations
Ambiguous urbanities
Trade, industry, proletarianization
Selected Readings
Part VI From the Second World War to the establishment of the postwar regimes, 1939–1949
Overview: Collaboration and occupation, resistance and civil war, regime change
36 The Albanian Communist Party from prewar origins to wartime resistance and power
The new diaspora
The Comintern compromise
The Second World War and the Communist rise to power
Selected Readings
37 Romania in the Second World War
Reorientation to Berlin, 1939–1940
Territorial losses of 1940 and the new regime
Romania’s parallel war against the Soviet Union
The persecution of Jews and Roma
From German economic “cooperation” to switching sides
Soviet occupation and establishment of the Communist regime
Selected Readings
38 The Ustaša regime and the politics of terror in the independent state of Croatia, 1941–1945
The origins of the Ustaša movement
The new state, racial laws and the “Revolution of Blood”
Economic destruction, mass deportations and the second wave of “cleansing”
Forced assimilation, institutionalized mass killing and the “Revolution of the Soul”
Return to the “Revolution of Blood”
Selected Readings
39 Partisans and Chetniks in occupied Yugoslavia
Origins of resistance
Partisan and civil war
Allied support and Partisan victory
Selected Readings
40 An oppressive liberation: Yugoslavia 1944–1948
The Partisans’ take-over of power
Postwar repressions
Consolidating Communist rule
From cooperation with the Soviets to the Tito-Stalin split
Selected Readings
41 Greece from occupation and resistance to civil war, 1941–1949
The origins of the civil war
The battle of Athens and British intervention
Civil war and American intervention
Selected Readings
Part VII Cold War division and European transition, 1949–1989
Overview: Communist regimes and the Greek exception
42 The collectivization of agriculture in Southeastern Europe
State of research
Preconditions
The collectivization process from 1949 onward
Impact and repercussions to 1989
Conclusion
Selected Readings
43 The Soviet factor in Bulgaria’s foreign policy
Historical antecedents
The Soviets and the Communist takeover
1944–1947: Soviet occupation
1948–1956: the Stalin period
1956–1985: “the most loyal ally”
1985–1991: the twilight of Bulgarian-Soviet relations
Selected Readings
44 Enver Hoxha’s Albania: Yugoslav, Soviet, and Chinese relations and ruptures
Identity crisis: 1944–1948
Premature Stalinists: 1949–1960
The uses of China: 1960–1976
The price of self-reliance: 1976–1990
Selected Readings
45 Ceau.escu’s National Communism as National Stalinism
Introduction: conceptual clarifications
The Romanian cult of personality
Short-lived liberalization, 1965–1971
Re-Stalinization, 1971–1979
The parallel cults
Ceausescu’s Stalinism and his last decade
Conclusion
Selected Readings
46 Yugoslavia’s third way: the rise and fall of self-management
The Tito-Stalin split and the rise of self-management
Self-management, non-alignment, and the challenge to the Soviet Bloc
Self-management, market reforms, and shocks from the global economy
The decline and fall of self-managed Yugoslavia
Selected Readings
47 Greece’s Cold War: Exceptionalism in Southeastern Europe
The formation of an anti-communist state
Economic growth
First challenges to the illiberal status quo
Military rule, 1967–1974
Transition to democracy and political reconciliation
Greece at the end of the Cold War
Conclusion
Selected Readings
48 Yugoslavia’s political endgame: Serbia and Slovenia in the 1980s
The crisis of the 1980s and the Serbian-Slovenian debate
Enter the “critical intelligentsias,” 1985–1988
The end of the road: “national homogenization,” 1988–1989
Selected Readings
49 Changes of social structure from the late 1940s to the 1980s
Demographic change
Industrialization, rural exodus, and urbanization
Gender relations
Selected Readings
50 Financing industrialization, 1949–1989: From foreign aid to foreign debt
Financing industry from foreign aid to foreign loans, 1949–1965
Financing industry from domestic bank credit, 1965–1979
Financing foreign debt, 1979–1989
Conclusion
Selected Readings
Part VIII Epilogue
Epilogue: Southeastern Europe after the Cold War
51 Yugoslavia’s wars of succession 1991–1999
The war in Croatia
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Kosovo
Selected Readings
52 From foreign intervention to European integration: Southeastern Europe since 1989
European integration
Historical legacies of communism and the 1990s
Economic woes
Appraising international intervention
Selected Readings
Index
