The Routledge Companion To Media And Scandal

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
List of figures......Page 11
List of tables......Page 12
Contributors......Page 13
Introduction......Page 26
Key concepts in media and scandal studies (Part I)......Page 27
Political context and media dynamics of scandals (Part II)......Page 28
Scandals and journalistic practices (Part III)......Page 29
Themes and settings of media and scandal (Part IV)......Page 31
Consequences and legacies of media scandals (Part V)......Page 33
Chapter 1: Media and scandal......Page 35
Scandal-saturated societies......Page 36
Scandals in the digital society......Page 38
Scandals and globalization in the network society......Page 40
The consequences of scandals......Page 41
Conclusions......Page 44
References......Page 45
PART I: Key concepts in media and scandal studies......Page 48
Evolution of scandals......Page 50
Durkheimian sociology......Page 51
Tribal politics and moral leadership......Page 54
The new public sphere......Page 56
References......Page 57
Defining scandal......Page 59
Case studies of policy scandals......Page 62
References......Page 68
Chapter 4: Moral panics......Page 71
A half-century of change......Page 72
Four unresolved epistemological issues......Page 73
Conclusion: abandon the concept, continue the agenda......Page 77
References......Page 78
Chapter 5: Scandals and agenda setting......Page 80
Agenda setting and scandals in the period 2005–2014......Page 82
Agenda setting and scandals in the age of fake news, bots, and computational propaganda......Page 84
References......Page 87
Chapter 6: Mediatization and political scandal......Page 92
The institutional logic of mediatization......Page 93
The network logic of mediatization......Page 95
The political logic of mediatization......Page 97
References......Page 99
News values......Page 101
A brief history of scandal......Page 102
Scandal: a definition......Page 103
The functions of scandal......Page 105
Political scandal in authoritarian societies......Page 107
Conclusion......Page 108
Notes......Page 109
References......Page 110
Gatekeeping theory......Page 111
Social media gatekeepers......Page 114
The value of scandal......Page 116
References......Page 117
Accountability deficits in new democracies......Page 120
Social accountability or the broadening of O´Donnell´s notion of limited government......Page 122
Social accountability and political scandals......Page 125
References......Page 127
Media coverage of political scandals......Page 129
Framing theory and its application to scandal research......Page 130
How the media frame scandals: evidence from the plagiarism scandal of the German Secretary of Defense......Page 132
Conclusion......Page 135
References......Page 137
Introduction......Page 140
Four misunderstandings of fake news......Page 141
Digital disinformation in the Philippines......Page 143
Conclusion and discussion: fake news and scandal......Page 148
References......Page 149
PART II: Political context and media dynamics of scandals......Page 152
Chapter 12: New Nordic noir: political scandals as drama and media hunts......Page 154
Scandals, news competition and media dramaturgy......Page 155
The increasing incidence of mediated Nordic scandals......Page 156
The effects and consequences of scandals......Page 158
Gender and political scandals......Page 159
Discussion and conclusion......Page 160
References......Page 161
Chapter 13: Political scandal and kompromat: manufactured outrage from Russia......Page 163
History of politicized scandal in Russia......Page 164
Putin and politicized scandal......Page 166
The export of kompromat......Page 167
Towards a model of politicized scandal......Page 168
Conclusions......Page 169
References......Page 170
Scandalogy and right-wing populism......Page 172
Right-wing populism and the media logic......Page 174
Social media logic and populist scandals......Page 175
Conclusions......Page 177
References......Page 178
Chapter 15: Corruption scandals and the media system......Page 181
Market-driven corruption scandals......Page 182
“Custodians of conscience” media scandals......Page 184
Politically oriented corruption scandals......Page 185
References......Page 188
Chapter 16; Social media and scandal......Page 190
What makes a scandal?......Page 191
Arrival of social media......Page 192
What this means for the future......Page 195
References......Page 196
National differences in exposure......Page 199
The Finnish case: the symbiosis of news media, tabloids, and gossip magazines......Page 201
From symbiosis to softening boundaries......Page 203
The normalization of sex scandals......Page 204
References......Page 206
The centrality of talk in the dramatization of political scandals......Page 208
Talk as a scandal in itself......Page 209
Talk scandals and the transformations of mediated politics......Page 211
The negotiation and destabilization of norms and moral values......Page 212
The mediation of political performances......Page 214
The power and methods of journalism......Page 215
References......Page 216
Chapter 19: Legal contexts in reporting scandal in the United States, the United Kingdom and Russia......Page 218
Historical legal context of reporting scandal in the USA......Page 219
Legal justifications for reporting scandal......Page 220
The News of the World phone hacking scandal......Page 222
The legal context of reporting scandal in Russia......Page 223
References......Page 225
Chapter 20: Unreported scandals: the power of personality and legal bluster......Page 227
Case study two: Lance Armstrong......Page 228
Libel threats......Page 229
The media blind eye......Page 231
The lone reporter......Page 232
Conclusion......Page 233
References......Page 234
PART III: Scandals and journalistic practices......Page 238
Sunlight, the best disinfectant......Page 240
Dawn of sunshine......Page 241
Effects on society......Page 242
Watchdogs with bite......Page 243
Threats to transparency......Page 244
Opportunities for openness......Page 245
References......Page 246
Chapter 22: Transnational investigative journalism and scandal......Page 250
The foundations of transnational investigative journalism......Page 251
Transnational investigative journalism in the twenty-first century......Page 253
Scandalous topics......Page 254
Conclusion......Page 256
References......Page 257
A brief history of television media stings in India......Page 261
Media economics and television stings......Page 263
Diffusion and normalization of sting-generated scandals......Page 265
Implications of sting-generated scandals for the Indian media landscape......Page 267
References......Page 268
What is entrapment journalism?......Page 270
Reasons for journalistic entrapment......Page 271
Methods of entrapment......Page 272
Perspectives on entrapment journalism......Page 274
Concluding remarks......Page 276
References......Page 277
Introduction......Page 279
A taxonomy of whistleblowing cases as scandals......Page 280
Whistleblowing and scandal: the igniting match and the fire......Page 282
Networked journalists, networked whistleblowers, networked scandals......Page 284
Conclusion......Page 285
References......Page 286
Chapter 26: Data journalism and the promise of transparency......Page 288
A promise of transparency......Page 289
Historical background of data journalism......Page 290
A new division of labor......Page 291
A shift of epistemologies?......Page 292
Involving citizens in the making of scandals......Page 294
References......Page 295
Introduction......Page 298
WikiLeaks: history and background......Page 299
Transparency, ambiguity and WikiLeaks......Page 300
Understanding scandals: “political scandals” versus“ scandal politics”......Page 302
WikiLeaks as a continuum between politics and scandals......Page 303
Conclusion......Page 304
References......Page 305
Defining political scandal......Page 307
Mediated visibility as constructed and contested......Page 308
A shifting news media landscape?......Page 310
Scandal mining in the context of the 2015 Canadian federal election......Page 311
Discussion and considerations for future research......Page 313
References......Page 315
PART IV: Themes and settings of media scandals......Page 318
Chapter 29: Surveillance scandals and the systemic crisis of the public......Page 320
From scandals to crisis......Page 321
Key actors and their challenges......Page 323
Conclusions......Page 326
References......Page 327
Chapter 30: Scandal and celebrity......Page 329
The nature of celebrity news......Page 330
Theories of interest in bad behavior......Page 331
The Weinstein scandal......Page 332
The Cosby scandal......Page 333
The complicity machine and other barriers to reporting......Page 334
Discussion......Page 335
References......Page 337
Chapter 31: Reframing the gender gap in American political sex scandals in the #MeToo era......Page 340
Sexual harassment and political sex scandals......Page 342
Deconstruction strategies: the congressman’s letter......Page 344
Appendix......Page 346
References......Page 347
Introduction: the sport of scandal......Page 349
Sport and the culture of scandal......Page 350
Cricket’s lost spirit......Page 354
Future scandals......Page 355
References......Page 356
Introduction......Page 358
The scandal of phone hacking......Page 359
Deflecting and diverting scandal......Page 361
Hypocrisy and hype......Page 363
Conclusion: corruption and competition as easy bedfellows......Page 364
References......Page 365
Introduction......Page 367
Latency......Page 368
Reaction......Page 370
Amplification and accountability......Page 372
Conclusion: the humanitarian scandal and the #MeToo movement......Page 373
References......Page 376
Introduction......Page 379
Three phases of mediatized war......Page 380
Scandals and the military......Page 381
Security scandals and military sex scandals in the age of diffused and arrested war......Page 382
Discussion......Page 384
References......Page 385
Scandal as political communication......Page 387
Sex trafficking scandals and U.S. elections......Page 388
Sex trafficking: Scandal, moral panic, or modern-day slavery?......Page 389
Conclusion: sex trafficking, scandal, and conspiracy......Page 391
References......Page 393
Chapter 37: Race scandals as racial projects......Page 395
Racism as scandal......Page 396
Racialized scandals......Page 398
Race scandals in a digital age......Page 399
The future of race scandals......Page 402
References......Page 403
Introduction......Page 405
Defining scandal in the context of science......Page 406
Example cases: nuclear power and fracking......Page 407
Conclusion......Page 410
References......Page 411
Religious and media understanding of scandal......Page 414
Types, frequency, and impact of religious scandals......Page 415
The impact of reporting religious scandal......Page 416
Predictable framing and narrative structure......Page 418
Rhetorical responses to scandal......Page 419
Misunderstanding of religion......Page 420
References......Page 422
Defining the domain of corporate scandal......Page 424
Self-inflicted corporate scandalization......Page 427
Outside-initiated corporate scandalization......Page 429
References......Page 432
Chapter 41: Corporate scandals as denial of reputation......Page 435
From Enron to Volkswagen: research on corporate scandals and the media......Page 436
The public sphere: where corporate scandals unfold......Page 438
Three dimensions of corporate scandals......Page 439
Corporate scandals in the digital age......Page 440
References......Page 441
PART V: Consequences and legacies of media scandals......Page 444
Skimmington rides again......Page 446
‘Public ridicule and contempt’......Page 447
Sexual-political scandals......Page 449
‘Baddest man on the planet’......Page 450
‘Moral bindingness’......Page 451
Targeting shame and scandalmongering......Page 453
‘Stoking the fires of hatred’......Page 454
Scandal sets the agenda......Page 455
‘The age of contempt’......Page 456
References......Page 457
Electoral effects of political scandal coverage......Page 458
Contextualizing political scandal effects......Page 459
Scandal fatigue and the absence of media effects......Page 465
Future directions in political scandal research......Page 466
References......Page 467
Public responses to political scandals......Page 470
Media effects in scandals......Page 473
Digital media and political scandals......Page 475
Concluding remarks......Page 477
References......Page 478
The attitudinal consequences of corruption scandals......Page 481
The electoral consequences of corruption scandals......Page 482
Why do citizens vote for corrupt politicians?......Page 483
Conclusion: the way ahead......Page 486
References......Page 488
Chapter 46: Media priming effects and ethical ambivalence in corruption scandals......Page 491
Why voters support corrupt politicians......Page 492
The problem of who is observing what and how, when measuring perceived corruption......Page 493
External influence on perceptions: media contents and media priming effects......Page 495
A reasoned (re)action: social priming and corruption tolerance......Page 496
References......Page 497
Chapter 47: Protecting public perception: responding to scandal using Benoit’s image repair theory......Page 500
Conceptualizing image repair theory......Page 501
Contextual approaches to image repair research......Page 503
Generalizations and future directions for image repair research......Page 505
References......Page 506
Introduction......Page 510
Rituals, temporality and interrelatedness......Page 511
To play the leading role in an ongoing media scandal......Page 512
Concluding remarks......Page 516
References......Page 518
Chapter 49: Scandal and the law......Page 519
Law and scandal: a complex relationship......Page 520
Privacy law and scandal: preserving elites or protecting privacy?......Page 522
Defamation law, scandal and public discourse......Page 523
Injunctions: still keeping secrets?......Page 526
‘Forgetting’ a scandal: a new role for the law online......Page 527
References (all websites last visited 12 October 2018)......Page 528
Chapter 50: Why scandals (might) be good for democracy......Page 531
The effect of scandals on democracy......Page 532
The potentially positive effects of scandals on democracy......Page 533
Directing attention to issues......Page 534
Systemic corrections......Page 535
Future research questions......Page 536
References......Page 537
Index......Page 540