The Rat: A Study in Behavior

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Author(s): S. Barnett
Year: 2007

Language: English
Pages: 304
Tags: Биологические дисциплины;Физиология животных;

Front cover......Page 1
Title page......Page 3
Contents......Page 6
Illustrations......Page 10
I 1a, 1b & 2......Page 80
II 3 & 4......Page 81
III 5 & 6......Page 98
IV 7, 8a & 8b......Page 99
V 9 & 10......Page 132
VI 11......Page 133
VII 12 & 13......Page 150
VIII 14a & 14b......Page 151
Preface......Page 13
1.1 Natural history......Page 16
1.2 The definition of behaviour......Page 19
1.3 "Learning" and "instinct"......Page 21
1.4.1 Subjective and objective......Page 24
1.4.2 Questions of quantity......Page 27
1.5 Conclusions......Page 28
2.1 Range and territory......Page 30
2.2.1 A problem of motivation......Page 31
2.2.2 The causes of activity......Page 32
2.2.3 Spontaneous alternation......Page 35
2.2.4 Attention to change......Page 38
2.2.5 Exploration as "reward"......Page 39
2.3 "Neophobia"......Page 43
2.4.1 The functions of exploration......Page 46
2.4.2 Avoidance behaviour......Page 47
2.5 Conclusions......Page 48
3.2.1.1 Olfactory stimuli......Page 49
3.2.1.2 Social stimuli......Page 51
3.2.2 Avoidance and its aftermath......Page 53
3.2.3 Eating......Page 54
3.2.4 Carrying and hoarding......Page 56
3.3.1.1 Favourable effects......Page 58
3.3.1.2 Unfavourable effects......Page 62
3.3.2 Palatability and aversion......Page 66
3.3.3 Social facilitation......Page 69
3.4.1 The problems......Page 71
3.4.2 Thirst......Page 72
3.4.3.1 Stimuli from the gut......Page 74
3.4.3.2 Internal states......Page 75
3.4.3.3 Defining "hunger"......Page 78
3.4.4 Ingestion of sodium chloride......Page 79
3.4.5 The central nervous system......Page 84
3.5 Conclusions......Page 87
4.1 The definition of social behaviour......Page 89
4.2.1.1 Non-social effects......Page 90
4.2.1.2 Huddling......Page 91
4.2.1.3 Cutaneous stimuli......Page 93
4.2.1.4 Odours......Page 94
4.2.1.5 Noises......Page 95
4.2.2 The family......Page 96
4.3.1 Evidence from ecology......Page 100
4.3.2 Conditions for conflict......Page 102
4.3.3.1 Motor components......Page 104
4.3.3.2 Releasing and suppressing stimuli......Page 108
4.3.3.3 Dominance and subordination......Page 110
4.4 Laboratory rats......Page 111
4.5.1 Behaviour of Rattus rattus......Page 113
4.5.2 The two species together......Page 114
4.6 Animal communication......Page 115
4.7 Conclusions on rat societies......Page 117
5.1.1 General......Page 120
5.1.2 Grooming......Page 122
5.1.3 Nest building......Page 123
5.1.4 Sensory abilities......Page 126
5.2.1.1 Description......Page 128
5.2.1.2 Signals......Page 129
5.2.1.3 Internal processes: nervous system......Page 131
5.2.1.4 Internal processes: endocrine system......Page 134
5.2.1.5 The ontogeny of mating behaviour......Page 139
5.2.2 Maternal behaviour......Page 140
5.3.1 Genetical variation......Page 143
5.3.2 The development of behaviour......Page 146
5.3.3 "Lamarckism" and behaviour......Page 147
5.4 "Instinct"......Page 149
5.5 Synthesis......Page 154
6.1 Introduction......Page 157
6.2.2 Conditional reflexes......Page 159
6.2.3 Habituation......Page 164
6.2.4 Trial-and-error behaviour......Page 166
6.3 "Insite" behaviour......Page 170
6.4 The problem of "intelligence"......Page 174
7.2 The "conditioned-reflex" myth......Page 180
7.3.1.1 The sensory modalities......Page 182
7.3.1.2 Direction-finding......Page 184
7.3.1.3 Generalization and discrimination......Page 188
7.3.2.1 What is "reward"?......Page 190
7.3.2.2 Intermittent reward......Page 194
7.3.2.3 "Drive reduction"......Page 195
7.3.2.4 "Avoidance conditioning"......Page 198
7.3.2.5 "Expectancy"......Page 202
7.3.3 Extinction and recovery......Page 204
7.4 The ontogeny of learning......Page 205
7.5 Review of "learning"......Page 208
8.1.1 Facts and definitions......Page 211
8.1.2 Models and hypotheses......Page 213
8.1.3 The plurality of "drive"......Page 215
8.2.1 The meanings of "abnormal"......Page 216
8.2.2 Substitutive behaviour......Page 217
8.2.3.1 "Experimental neurosis"......Page 220
8.2.3.2 Physiology......Page 223
8.3 "General drive"......Page 227
8.4.1 Sensitive periods......Page 230
8.4.2 The need for stimulation......Page 231
8.5 Conclusions......Page 232
9.1 The rôle of the brain......Page 235
9.2.1 Anatomy and gross injury......Page 238
9.2.2 Injury and "localization"......Page 241
9.2.3 Electrical and chemical methods......Page 243
9.3.1 The main structures......Page 245
9.3.2 Learning and localization......Page 246
9.3.3 Studies of "drive"......Page 250
9.4 The limbic system......Page 251
9.5 The reticular system......Page 255
9.6 Metabolism......Page 259
9.7 Conclusions......Page 261
10. THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOUR......Page 263
Appendix 1: On Definition......Page 270
Appendix 2: Glossary......Page 272
Acknowledgements......Page 278
Bibliography......Page 280
Index......Page 302
Back cover......Page 313